Military Leadership - 1185 Words

Within the U.S. military, leadership is generally considered something of a given. It is a fundamental ingredient of warfare, without which the outcome of a combat operation cannot be assured. The leader is the brain, the motive power of command, upon whom subordinates rely for guidance and wisdom, and depend upon for good judgment. The leader must be determined, unflappable and charismatic; confident in delegation of authority; able to combine the various strands of command into a common thread; seasoned, intelligent, and thoughtful. When judging the qualities of leadership, there is a tendency to think of the gifted, or natural leader, involving some expectation that leadership is an inherent personality quality that some have, and†¦show more content†¦Testing and promotion review replace the combat situation, while leadership itself becomes genuine military doctrine. The guiding assumption of leadership doctrine is that incapable practitioners will be winnowed out before their mediocrity costs lives in battle. Battle represents the severest test of a commanders mastery of leadership doctrine, for the commander must stimulate subordinates to do things that would imperil their health, even cost them their lives. It is here that the leadership role diverges from the command role. Command merely vests the leader with authority to define and order the accomplishment of an objective. Achieving it requires the additional influence of leadership. Ideally, the leader sets the standard for command through personal example and shared sacrifice. He must, therefore, demonstrate confidence in the troops and in his own abilities, while acknowledging the risks his decisions may entail. If subordinates trust the leaders judgment and abilities, and believe that he would not unnecessarily expose them to danger, his authority and decisions will not be questioned. Under the stress of combat, however, a leader cannot assume instant obedience. Fear and the instinct for self†preservation are powerful disinc entives to any dangerous enterprise, and the commander cannot simply will themShow MoreRelatedMilitary Leadership1194 Words   |  5 PagesWithin the U.S. military, leadership is generally considered something of a given. It is a fundamental ingredient of warfare, without which the outcome of a combat operation cannot be assured. The leader is the brain, the motive power of command, upon whom subordinates rely for guidance and wisdom, and depend upon for good judgment. The leader must be determined, unflappable and charismatic; confident in delegation of authority; able to combine the various strands of command into a common thread;Read MoreMilitary Leadership1493 Words   |  6 PagesMilitary leadership theory brings forth the discovery of many ideas regarding the application of knowledge from a military background in a business environment. Much information was premised on business owners, managers and employees working collectively, how to improve communication skills, and how to define a goal and motivate others to follow it based on military leadership. The connection between these two worlds of business and military is apparent. Many of today’s companies derive their structureRead MoreLeadership And The Military Of The United States Military2044 Words   |  9 Pagesoxic leadership and the military The United States military has provided an integration of power to advance and defend the country’s values, objectives, and interest throughout history. Some values include training foreign military to strengthen their security forces to support their independence, responding and providing humanitarian aid such as the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, and protecting the globe through sustained operations in war on terrorism. The U. S. military currently has 1,341Read MoreU.s. School Military Leadership1701 Words   |  7 Pagesadvancements in leadership roles. One place that women, in the past, had not been able to take on more power is the military. In just the past few years’ women have been allowed to serve in combat roles, however little advancements have been made for them to serve in special operation forces. In just the last few weeks some this has been questioned as two women are about to graduate from ranger school. Having women graduating from ranger school, a grueling leadership course in the military, shows advancementsRead MoreThe Military Leadership By John Keegan1443 Words   |  6 Pagesmethods and resources. Professor John Keeganï ¿ ½s ï ¿ ½Mask of Commandï ¿ ½ is a far-reaching study of the military leadership through history. Keegan provides a study of the styles of 4 generals ï ¿ ½ ï ¿ ½heroicï ¿ ½ leadership of Alexander the Great, ï ¿ ½non-heroicï ¿ ½ examples of Duke of Wellington and US Grant, and a ï ¿ ½pseudo-heroicï ¿ ½ dictact of Adolph Hitler. John Keegan has done an admirable job in unmasking the great military leaders throughout the ages. His book concentrates on four major figures: Alexander, WellingtonRead MoreMilitary Leadership Styles And Philosophies1534 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernmental, corporate, or private, have structures with leadership positions at various levels and different leadership philosophies. However, the military is an organization that differs from the rest of them, because of the specific mission and complex scenario. Therefore, military leadership styles and philosophies are very different from all other kinds, and are far more special. There is no leadership position outside of the military that deals with handling hard decisions and the motivationRead MoreToxic Leadership At The Military Research Proposal3860 Words   |  16 Pages TOXIC LEADERSHIP Toxic Leadership in the Military Research Proposal PA 6601 Research Methods Troy University Lauren Maloney Toxic Leadership in the Military The strength of any organization can be found in the ability for the leaders to lead effectively. Effective leadership is essential in the military too, as toxic leadership can have a detrimental impact to those who work under them, as well as the ability for the unit to be cohesive and able to carry out their dutiesRead More Changing the Military with Servant Leadership Essay2609 Words   |  11 Pagesfor today’s military - the Global War on Terrorism or what has recently been termed the â€Å"Long War;† weapon system acquisitions and personnel draw downs. The focus of this paper is on one strategic component of the military quest—Leadership. More specifically, it will center on servant leadership and its impact on the military’s vision. This paper first explores the significance of the leadership change, followed by an examination of three notable characteristics of servant leadership and their historicalRead MorePersonal Experience On Leadership Styles in the Military2183 Words   |  9 Pagesbeen a number of people that I would consider as having had a strong influence on my life, especially throughout my working years. I encountered several effective leaders during my years in the military. Looking back on these leaders, the one constant that was present was the variety of different leadership styles they exhibited. No two leaders were exactly the same in how they approached their duties. They were all effective, but had different strengths and weaknesses, and unique takes on how theyRead MoreDifferent Kinds Of Leadership : Military Leaders2017 Words   |  9 PagesDifferent Kinds of Leadership Military leaders experience different kinds of Leadership. They must overcome all hurdles to perform their job as well as possible. The amount of people that are under a Leader s responsibility increases along with their rank or position. An NCO must be aware of the transition between the direct leadership, and organizational leadership in order to address effectively its audience, preventing misunderstandings. The way leaders transmit the message, the monitoring

Technology is Eden Essay - 676 Words

Technology is defined as â€Å"the application of knowledge to extend human capabilities by equipment or a technique for performing a particular activity†. Technology has become very important part of our lives. I believe that technology in our lives is leading us to Eden. An Eden is a place of complete bliss and delight. Marshall McLuhans statement that â€Å"Invention is the mother of necessities† is very true. This is because if it were not for technology our work would not be as efficient or productive. New technologies and innovations became our necessities and we cannot live without them now that they have been introduced in our lives. Invention is a gale of creative destruction, and those gales lead to changes in the economy and then in†¦show more content†¦Technology doesn’t keep the person away from religion; in fact, technology is an aid for different religious groups to spread their religion. For example, the religion of Islam has many authent ic websites of its own, as well as, different channels on YouTube to promote videos of different scholars and lectures. It is educating people about the real message of the religion with help of technology. The younger generations are learning about different religions by reading about it from the information provided on websites. People in the past did not have many resources to learn about their religion before but now it has become very easy. It is up to the individual person to learn from the knowledge offered or to ignore it. Humanism believes that this world is important and that knowledge is important. With knowledge one is able to get more from technology and is benefitted. We all know technology has its ills but it is how you solve them that matters. With technology, our earth is facing the problem of overpopulation, pollution, globalization and economic collapse. To maintain population of developing countries, the developed countries should allow immigration. This will hel p the developing countries from being overpopulated and developed countries to not decline in population. In the past, technologies were not efficient and caused a lot of problems for the earth; however, weShow MoreRelatedStrategy and Eden Bay749 Words   |  3 PagesPlease read the TOWN of EDEN BAY case study on pages 91-92 of your textbook and answer the 4 questions listed at the end of page 92. Make sure to properly justify your answers. 1. Upon investigation, you learn that the town does not have a strategic plan or mission statement. in your view, does this affect the current situation? Why or why not? * In my point of view, I think yes without a strategic plan this might affect their current situation; because having a spreadsheet this makeRead MoreThe Beauty of Adam and Eve916 Words   |  4 Pagesbombarded with technology and constant distractions, society often forgets the importance and beauty of art. A branch of art, literature, lends a tremendous impact upon society. Marjorie Pickthall constructs an elegant poem, Adam and Eve, while reinterpreting the well-known Biblical story, Adam and Eve. Similar to Pickthall, a renaissance artist, Masaccio, however, interprets the Biblical story of Adam and Eve with a different interpretation. In his painting, the expulsion of Eden, he focuses onRead MoreSuccess Record As A Business Technology Strategy Leader Essay714 Words   |  3 PagesIT Executive, with a success track of development and delivery of technology portfolios under complex matrix organizations, aimed at shaping and realizing disruptive business strategies. Success record as a business-technology strategy leader includes the use of business acumen, influencing and negotiation skills combined with enterprise architecture principles, application portfolio development/management, scaled agile portfolio management skills, and deep technical knowledge to increase firms’Read MoreThe Number Of School Shootings1613 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"video game violence and violence† (2013, p. 376) To explore the correlation, one must first understand the definition of aggression. Eden and Eshet-Alkalai use Anderson and Bushman’s (2003) definition: â€Å"who define aggression as a behavior that is directed toward another person (either virtually or physically) in a purpose of causing harm† (2014, p. 451). According to Eden and Eshet-Alkalai: â€Å"in their study of aggression, Little, Henrich, Jones, and Hawley, (2003) claim that the most common types of aggressionRead MoreAn Analysis Of Eve To Her Daughters By Judith Wright712 W ords   |  3 Pagesuses the biblical characters of Adam from the Garden of Eden to represent European imperialism. Wright uses the biblical characters of Adam and Eve to represent European colonisers extending their European ideals through invasion. She shows this through the religious imagery of Adam and Eve being expelled from Eden and left on Australia’s ‘imperfect’ earth. Adam embodies European imperialists due to his desire to make Australia ‘a new Eden’. This juxtaposition shows the imperialists desire to changeRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Great Gatsby 1579 Words   |  7 PagesRappaccini’s garden. The first thing he notices is all the great vegetation. As he continues observing, he sees Rappaccini is touching the plants with gloves and he is being very careful not to inhale its fragrance. He wonders if this garden is the Eden of modern times in the following passage: Nevertheless, in spite of the deep intelligence on his part, there was no approach to intimacy between himself and these vegetable existences. On the contrary, he avoided their actual touch, or the direct inhalingRead MoreAssignment : An Introduction To The Advisory Board Program836 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Instructors have been contacted. EPSCOR is encouraged by the results of the program and want to sponsor five more years in the amount of $40,000 per year totaling $200,000. This funding will exclude teacher’s salaries, due to the Pontotoc Technology Career Center agreeing to pay for these. Nine schools are involved in PTC. No public school funding pays for PTC. The number of students that is enrolled does not bring more funding. Teaching and testing for AP Biology and Environmental willRead MoreBiblical Allusions In Gabriel Garcia Marquezs One Hundred Years Of Solitude1239 Words   |  5 Pagesexpertly weaves in references to the unexplored paradise of the Garden of Eden, Satan’s temptation with the Tree of Knowledge, and lastly the Flood that washes away the sins of Macondo. Marquez establishes an early biblical presence in the opening scene of the novel, as he employs the use magical realism to represent a world in its purest form. A world both unknown to and untouched by man’s ambitions. Jose Arcadio Buendia’s Eden is quickly established when settles the village of Macondo upon a vastRead MoreChristianity in Monkey Beach by Eden Robinson1083 Words   |  5 Pageslives. When Natives were forced to convert to Christianity and over time have their beliefs sucked out of them, the spiritual connection was broken as generations passed. One novel that particularly spoke to me on this subject was Monkey Beach, by Eden Robinson. The main character, Lisa, is struggling to fins herself after being blessed with the gift of being a shaman. In this novel, the author exploits how the European or western â€Å"white† culture has destroyed the native culture so immensely, thatRead MorePestel Eden2039 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Eden Project: (Johnson, Scholes and Wittington, 2008) Political Factors Since the political environment in the United Kingdom and also in the region of Cornwell is stable, this factor also deals with the issue of local and national government support for tourism. In the case of the Eden Project, one can state that there are several governmental resources, especially financially: Internationally the Eden Project is supported by the European Social Fund of the European Union (Eden Project

Southwest Airlines Eassy free essay sample

Airline sector has to compete for low prices and product differentiation to attract customers and gain a sustainable profitability. The Airline Industry was analyzed through the Porter’s Five Forces to identify grade or rivalry, barriers to entry and exit, possible substitutes, supplier and buyer power. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how Southwest Airlines (Southwest) developed a sustainable profitability based on its different strategies. It also shows how it succeeds in the US Airline Industry and how it ifferentiates its service from its competitors. The analysis includes the Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Treats (SOWT) for Southwest and other competitors, reflecting how difficult it is to imitate Southwest’s product and how difficult it is for Southwest to imitate the product of other players. Analysis of Southwest Airline and the Airline Industry in the US Introduccion A Foundation of â€Å"Love Options† Founded in 1967 by Rolling King and H erb Kelleher, Southwest started its operation in 1971 covering Dallas, Houston and San Antonio. We will write a custom essay sample on Southwest Airlines Eassy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lamar Muse, its president adopted the â€Å"love† theme for attracting customers: â€Å"love options† was referred to the drinks served on board, the â€Å"love machines† were the ticket machines, and cabin hostesses had seductive voices and used sexy outfits (Muduli Kaura, 2011). Herb Kelleher, CEO of Southwest (1981-2001), received credit for Southwest’s success for its personality and management style. He conducted Southwest with fun, fresh and unique perceptions of loyalty; its legendary humor enabled his employees to enjoy their work. He led the company new standards for himself and the Industry (Peter Donnelly, 2013). Kelleher created a culture at Southwest by making employees feel like part of a big family, achieving team spirit and providing information to enable them to better understand the company. By sticking to a formula of excellent customer service and a positive work environment, Southwest gained an extensive period of profits (Desai et al, 2012). Southwest culture is inherent in its mission statement â€Å"†¦ dedication to the highest quality of customer service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit. † (Jackson, W; Jackson, M. , 2009, p. 64). Continuity of Kelleher’s leadership and culture may result in sustain profitability. The present paper is an analysis of Southwest’s strategies, operation, performance and competitors to visualize if the company is successful, imitative and sustainable. For a deeper understanding, an analysis of the US airline industry using Porter’s five forces model, and SWOT analysis for Southwest and its principal competitors is necessary. The analysis of the airline industry reflects that this industry is not very profitable; airlines are not able to capture much of the potential earnings due to intense price competition, high fixed osts, excess capacity and other factors. It also reveals how the company has gained sustainable product differentiation and identifies the key of its success. The SWOT analysis reflects the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threat of Southwest compared with other airline’s competitors showing how its simple operation, culture, strateg ies and performance cannot be copy without incurring in high costs, as how Southwest cannot copy other player’s operation without losing its simple strategies. Southwest Airline’s Strategies Southwest’s first strategy is ‘keep it cheap, and keep it simple’. It is focused on point-to point system with direct routes reducing connections, delays, and trip time. With the acquisition of Morris Air in 1993, Southwest improved on high frequency departures daily, retaining tardy passengers or missed flights (Muduli Kaura, 2011). Its second strategy is to offer low fares to its customers by eliminating frills which reduce cost and time of airplanes turnaround, by using the Boeing 737s which reduce fuel, reduce training costs and inventory levels of spare parts, and by using its own reservation system thus eliminating agents’ commissions. Southwest was scored with the highest online sales performance by the Jupiter Airline Core (Desai, Patel Quach, 2012). Southwest’s third strategy is the devotion to their employees and customers. Respect to people and process, and emphasis on fun for employees and travelers helped Southwest to achieve success. Its major tactics were flexibility at work place, performance and length of service recognition, group decision making, training, profit sharing, positive attitude as well as creative announcements to passengers such as the singing of the messages by employees, the use of catch phrases such as one by Arnold Schwarzenegger â€Å"hasta la vista, baby† or speaking like Donald Duck (Muduli Kaura, 2011). The fourth strategy of Southwest is their aggressive marketing tactics focusing on communicating its real value while making flying fun to customers. Southwest introduced many unique programs such as senior discounts, fun fares, fun packs, ticket-less travel, among others, targeting trips taken instead of miles flown, satisfying two set of passengers: convenience time oriented travelers and price-sensitive travelers (Desai et al, 2012). Southwest Airline’s Operation The process was very efficient, standardized and low-cost, allowing for quick turnaround and low fares, it was based on basic principles such as frequent trips, direct flights, no seats or meals assigned to the passengers, flying only Boeing 737 jets, choosing un-congested airports, and selling tickets through the internet. However, Southwest Airlines made several changes in service in 2007, improved a reservation system, added travelers categories, renovated gates, improved boarding processes and frequent flyer programs, promoted sales and campaigns (Peter Donnelly, 2013). Southwest Airline’s Performance Southwest had more than 45,000 employees by 2011, provided point-to-point, low-fare services in the 72 cities in 37 states in the US. Recorded revenues of more than $15,600 million by the same year, that is an increase of almost 30% over 2010, the net profit was $178 million in 2011, $459 million in 2010 (Southwest Airlines Co. SWOT Analysis, 2012). From 1992 to 2009 Southwest recorded increased revenues of an average of 12% each year with downturns only in 2001 for the terrorist attacks and in the recession of 2008. Southwest earned profits for more than 38 consecutive years (Peter Donnelly, 2013). According to Castro and Arino (2011) the sustained competitive advantage of Southwest makes the firm less vulnerable to economic recessions. From the acquisition of AirTran Holdings in May 2011 for $1. 4 billion, Southwest expects to cover domestic markets like New York, Washington, Boston and Baltimore and international markets like the Caribbean and Mexico. Southwest expect to increase shares from 15% to almost 20% and count 100 million customers per year to 100 destinations in the US and close international airports (Southwest Airlines Co. SWOT Analysis, 2012). According to Mertens and Vowles (2012) low cost airlines allow success when they continue growing in new markets. Southwest Airline’s Competitors Since its origin, Southwest has been competing for lower prices. Its first competitors were Braniff, Continental and Trans Texas (Peter Donnelly, 2013). Southwest now confronts intense competition from major national, regional, foreign, low-cost and ground and rail carriers. The marketing /operational alliances also became its competitors such as Delta Airlines (Delta), which acquired Northwest Airlines in 2008, and United Airlines, which merged with Continental forming United Continental Holdings (UCH) (Southwest Airlines Co. SWOT Analysis, 2012). The Airline Industry in the US The airline industry is expected to experience a strong growth in the coming years even though in the past growth rates suffered from fluctuation. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) estimated that the airline passenger travel and the revenue passenger miles will be doubled in the next 20 years, from revenues for little more than $800 billion in 2011 to more than $1,500 trillion by 2032. The FAA also estimates an increase of commercial operations in the airline industry from 746 million in 2013 to 1. 2 billion in 2032 (Southwest Airlines Co. SWOT Analysis, 2012). The global economic downturn in 2008 and 2009 hit the global air freight sector causing demand to fell and operating costs to increase, primarily the fuel and airport fees. The fuels represent one of the major expenses of the air freight sector, in 2011 the price was in $127. 5, about 35% more than 2010, their prices have fluctuated generally due to geopolitical factors that are away from the control of the airline companies. The global air freight sector recovered in 2010 and produced moderate growth of almost 5% in 2011 with about $124,000 million of value of which 35% belongs to America. The estimation is to reach a value of $159,000 million by 2016, which is an increase of almost 28% from 2011 (Southwest Airlines Co. SWOT Analysis, 2012). Airlines are subject to extensive regulatory and legal compliance requirements that result in significant costs for them such as mandates of additional security procedures, increases in the per ticket tax, proposals to address congestion that includes congestion pricing, future regulatory actions for climate change, and aircraft emissions. Such proposals could have a significant negative impact on the airlines operations (Engauce, Hoffman, Busch, 2011). The domestic US airline industry has been intensely competitive since it was deregulated in 1978, and it was characterized by intense rivalry and low profit margins (Cappel Romero, 2003). It has grown dramatically since the end of World War II from 3. 3 billion in revenue passenger miles (RPMs) in 1945 to 130 billion RPMs at the beginning of the deregulation, by the mid 1970s, and reached the 330 billion RPMs after a decade of deregulation. Newer carriers with lower cost structures appear in this sector in 1980s to compete head-on with the established airlines, causing several bankruptcies followed by a wave of consolidation with the fittest carriers surviving (US Airlines Industry, 2011). Rivalry, Magnify for Several Factors Routes, airports, and hubs in high traffic cities with a high demand for air travel, allowed for a variety or carriers, leading to an intense rivalry. Other factors causative of rivalry are high fixed costs such as cost of planes, fuel, pilots, government regulation, and high-tech computer systems, excess capacity on routes which allow to price wars to attract customers at low costs increase rivalry, the low differentiation among airlines and switching costs also magnify rivalry, and internet pricing has also increased rivalry due to the price readily available for comparison (US Airlines Industry, 2011). Treat of Entry: Disappearing from the Radar Screen By 1982 deregulation allowed for the entry of 43 airlines into the sector adding to the 22 already established. However, by 1993 several of them where consolidated into major airline companies, others ended in bankruptcy or simply disappeared from the radar screen, reducing the number to only eight carriers (Ramamurti Sarathy, 1997). There are no significant barriers to entry into the domestic airline industry, and the existing barriers could be outsourced, such as aircraft maintenance, food service, ground services, and reservations. Airplanes and the right to use gates could also be leased. The minimum efficient scale was not very high allowing airlines to compete in a few markets, costs were proportional to number of flights and market and price competition, brand identity and reputation were not relevant. Exit costs were not very high either; planes could be easily sold off and gates and landing rights could be sub-leased to other airlines (US Airlines Industry, 2011). Substitutes: Cars, Buses or Trains? Substitutes for the air travel are the use of cars, buses or trains. The importance of buses and trains had a big decrease over the years due to fairly low switching costs issues affecting this decrease are the route, the reason for travel and the kind of customer. A business trip might encourage flying, while family vacation may inspire driving. Vacation travelers are more price-sensitive than business travelers; utilizing substitutes allow them to consider opportunity costs (Desai at al, 2012). Not travelling at all could be another substitute to air travel, WebEx, NetMeeting, video-conferencing facilitates remote virtual communication in several business (US Airlines Industry, 2011). The use of web technology can also motivate families not to travel in some cases like ordering furniture or cars of specific characteristics. Supplier Power: Low, Moderate or High Supplier power in the airline industry could be low, moderate or high. Employee power varies according to type and if they are unionized. Pilots have low power due to other pilot’s availability, airplane manufactures have high power due to large costs on switching planes, and this power is low for airlines purchasing second-hand aircrafts (Desai at al, 2012). Airplane manufactures could also have low power due to leasing airplanes from the airlines. The aviation fuel is also an input in the airline industry, its prices are determined by market forces and geo-political factors, power may vary due to these forces. The Variability of Buyer Power The buyer power varies based on the options available to them and the origin-destination city pair. The market dominated by one or two airlines tends to overcharge customers, reducing the buyer power; in contrast, routes with multiple airlines offer competitive prices, increasing the buyer power. However, the overall airline industry is characterized by significant buyer power stemming from the intense price competition among airlines (US Airlines Industry, 2011). Southwest Airline’s SWOT Analysis Southwest’s Internal Analysis: Flying High The point-to-point service is a strength force for Southwest, differentiating it from other US airlines. By 2011, the company served almost 480 non-stop city pairs, 19 more than 2010, using less congested airports than other airlines. This strength allowed for the company to use high asset utilization, enabling on time performance and increased revenues (Southwest Airlines Co. SWOT Analysis, 2012). The point-to-point strength force is related to Southwest’s first strategy ‘keep it cheap and keep it simple’. A strong fleet operation is a strength force for Southwest; it is the base to complement its strong route network. In 2010, Southwest operated a fleet of almost 550 Boeing 737s and submitted orders for 88 more between 2011 and 2016 with options of 37 aircraft in 2013-2017 and 98 purchase rights by 2021. With this fleet based on one type of aircraft, the company is able to simplify scheduling, maintenance, flight operations, and training activities gaining a competitive advantage over its peers (DATAMONITOR: Southwest Airlines Co. , 2011). The fleet operation strength force is related to Southwest’s second strategy ‘to offer low fares to its customers’. Increasing cash flow from operations strengthens Southwest providing stability and allowing further grow. In 2010 the cash flow from operation increased more than 50% from the previous year (DATAMONITOR: Southwest Airlines Co. 2011). However, the purchasing of new equipment could decrease its cash flow in the short and long term. Based on Southwest’s strategy and culture, the company has other strengths such as strong culture, strong customer/employee focus, low turnover, low debt, strong leadership, strong web reservation system, and well respected and distinctive marketing allowing an increase in its reven ues and creating customer loyalty. Class action lawsuits, some of them due to acquisition of AirTran in 2010, are a weakness for the Southwest. Results of these lawsuits may have an adverse impact on Southwest’s financial operation or cash flow (DATAMONITOR: Southwest Airlines Co. , 2011). Impact of lawsuits could be offset with positive financial results of the acquisition of AirTran. Dependent on a single aircraft and engine supplier such as the Boeing is a weakness for Southwest. Any fails on additional parts or any regulatory issue may also adversely impact its operation (DATAMONITOR: Southwest Airlines Co. , 2011). However, the use of a single aircraft reduces costs and trainings, depending on a single aircraft also could be strength for Southwest. Heavy dependence on passenger revenues is another weakness for Southwest Airlines. In 2011 the company’s total revenues from freight operations was below one percent, while the passenger sector became almost 95% of its total revenues. This dependence increases the risks of operation for high prices in fuels (Southwest Airlines Co. SWOT Analysis, 2012). On the other hand, passenger revenues have maintained positive profits for Southwest’s operation. Southwest’s External Analysis: Flying Overseas The analysis of the Airline Industry in the US reflected big opportunities for Southwest, such as opportunity for growth in air passenger travel in the US, the growth in global air freight market, and the growth for commercial operations. These opportunities will allow Southwest to a sustain growth in the companys key performance. Another opportunity for Southwest is market expansion through the acquisition of AirTran Holdings, expansion and diversification will provide Southwest growth opportunity in the short and long term. The intense competition for industry consolidation is a treat for Southwest. The increased competition in these international markets, majorly due to consolidation in the airline industry, might affect Southwest’s results of its operation. The presence of low-cost carriers with substantial price discounting has diminished the ability of the network carriers, particularly Southwest, to maintain sufficient pricing structures in domestic markets to gain profits (Southwest Airlines Co. SWOT Analysis, 2012). Increasing fuel prices are treats for Southwest. Jet fuel and oil consumed are the largest expenses for Southwest, representing about 71% of its operating expenses. Southwest cannot control or predict the fuel price, thus significant changes in fuel prices may have a considerable effect on the companys result of operation and financial condition (DATAMONITOR: Southwest Airlines Co. , 2011). Severe regulation from the government or from other countries is a threat to Southwest, those who impose regulations or sales restrictions with significant cost for the company result in an increase of its operating costs and affect its financial operation (Southwest Airlines Co. SWOT Analysis, 2012). Delta Airlines, Inc. SWOT Analysis The strategic merger with Northwest Airlines, the international alliances, the strong brand and consistent top-line growth count as strengths for Delta. New mergers and Alliances allowed Delta to increase flight frequencies and improve customer service, thus gaining a competitive advantage over other competitors. Strong brand image and global presence positioned the company as one of the largest airlines in the world dominating the market with more than 300 destinations in almost 60 countries and a fleet of 775 aircraft. Delta’s consistent top-line growth provides financial stability to the company (Delta Air Lines, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2012). These strengths help Delta to offset its weakness such as legal contingencies in the recent past which may impact its brand image and increase its cost structure; and substantial indebtedness, with a long-term debt of $11,233 million in 2011 may limit their financial and operating activities (Delta Air Lines, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2012). Delta also has the opportunity for growth in air passenger travel in the US and to capitalize in the growing global air freight industry due to the growing market auger. Open skies agreements between the US and many other countries are additional opportunities for Delta to increase its top line growth in newer markets, like Brazil, in short and medium term (Delta Air Lines, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2012). Intense competition, increasing fuel costs and extensive government regulation are threats for Delta. Delta faces high competition with respects to routes, services, and products, among others. Delta competes not only with smaller to medium-sized markets or low-cost carriers like Southwest and JetBlue, Delta also competes with foreign carriers and international alliances. In addition, the increase in global and regional oil prices exposes the company to extreme fluctuations in earnings with adverse consequences on its growth initiatives. Finally, Delta has to comply with government regulations that may increases its operating costs. (Delta Air Lines, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2012). United Continental Holding, Inc. SWOT Analysis UCH is one of the largest air carriers in the world, operating in North America. UCH employed about 87,000 people in 2011. By the same year UCH had about $37. 1 million in revenues, almost 60% more than in 2010 (United Continental Holdings, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2012). Extensive operational network and strong alliances are strengths forces in UCH. In 2011 UCH carried almost 142 million passengers, operating in US, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America with more than 5,000 flights daily to about 370 US and international destinations. Strong alliances with several international airlines enhanced travel options for customers, earning a competitive advantage over its rivals (United Continental Holdings, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2012). However, significant long term debt is a weakness for UCH. Long term debt was almost $10,500 million in 2011, and $928 million debt under capital leases. The long term debt along with a decrease of almost 23% in cash from 2010 to 2011, places UCH to competitive disadvantage position over its competitors who have better access to capital resources and restricted the availability of future investments and payment obligations of UCH (United Continental Holdings, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2012). UCH has the opportunity for growth in air passenger travel in the US and in growing global air freight industry, similar to Southwest and Delta Airlines. UCH also has the opportunity for the recovery of global tourism. According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) international tourism is expected to grow from 2012 at a slower rate through improved economic conditions worldwide. Arrivals are expected to increase by 3% to 4% reaching the historic one billion mark by the initial year 2013. Continued growth of worldwide tourism is projected to increase the number of passengers for UCH. It will allow for topping line growth in the short and medium term (United Continental Holdings, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2012). On the other hand, the increase in aircraft fuel costs, stringent governmental regulation and intense competition are threats for UCH. The fuel costs constituted 36% of the company’s total expenses in 2011 from 31% in 2010. In addition, the UCH incurs in substantial costs in maintaining its current certifications and complying with the laws, rules and regulations affecting its margins. Finally, UCH has to compete with domestic and international competitors such as Airlines Holdings, JetBlue Airways, Southwest Airlines, Air France-KLM, and Turkish Airlines, among others. Increase in fuel costs, in government regulations and intense competition could lead to price wars and negatively impact the company’s operations affecting its margins and profitability (United Continental Holdings, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2012). Spirit Airline’s SWOT Analysis: Fly With Spirit Spirit Airlines (Spirit) is a low-cost carrier operating a single-class fleet of A320 aircraft with faster turnarounds, short service to customers and a la carte pricing. Spirit uses two airports for its activity located in Hollywood and Detroit. Spirit operates in north- south network, focusing strongly in services to Florida, the Caribbean and Latin America in holiday times (Spirit Airlines, n. d). Major strengths for Spirit are affordable prices, high category, availability of seats types, and reward programs; these strengths help to improve its operation and allow for profits, however, Spirit has to confront several weaknesses, the company does not have customer entertainment, has hidden fees like baggage fees that are unknown to the customer, do not offer food service and their destinations are limited as well as lack of employee training (Lara, 2012). Lack of entertainment to customers could affect customer demands especially for the service used in holidays or vacations, and may affect its operation and profitability. Based on its weaknesses, Spirit has opportunities to improve in technology to cover more destinations, to offer customer entertainment, and to reduce flight time. Spirit also could offer non-stop flights and improve in training to employees. One of the major threats that Spirit has to confront is the increase of gas prices or gas shortages. Conclusions The Industry analysis reveal that Southwest has been successful in the US airline industry in distinguishing itself from other players by offering to its customers a differentiate product. Through their low cost, fun and simple service with no frills, with its loyal customer base, its unique customer service, and its employee’s loyalty, Southwest created a product different from other competitors. For all these characteristics Southwest gained sustain profitability for more than thirty eight consecutive years in this competitive industry. The SWOT analysis shows that it is difficult to imitate Southwest Airline’s low cost strategy, competitors may incur big losses in trying to eliminate frills, or by using only one kind of fuel efficient jets, when they have international long trip flights that demand full meals and big planes. On the other hand, it will be difficult for Southwest to imitate an international airline. That would require bigger planes, incurring high costs in re-fuelling and meals would also increase, as well as turnaround times; imitate would go against its low fare and simple strategy.

Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Session Initiation Protoc

Question: Discuss about The critical review for Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as a Transport for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)? Answer: Introduction With the greater part of the advantages that the trunking of SIP gives (particularly the generous cost investment funds), it's no big surprise that the trunking of SIP is an interesting issue in bound together correspondences. These articles provides the review of this famous new innovation and its advantages, disadvantages, security considerations, problems related to reliability and quality and provide various opportunities to addresses about the trunking of SIP that individual every now and again ask the Microsoft item supervisors and specialists. (4168, 2012) Not at all like in conventional telephony, where groups of the physical wires which were once conveyed from the administration supplier to the business, the SIP trunk permits an organization to supplant the customary altered the Telephony Network of Public Switched (PSTN) lines with the availability of PSTN by means of the SIP trunking administration supplier on Internet. In below Figure 1, PBX will get situated on the system of inward. PBX should have the SIP-empowering trunking interface. It will be either an IP-based PBX imparting to all the endpoints over an IP, or it might generally also be a customary TDM PBX. The sole necessity is that it can be interface for the availability of SIP trunking that is accessible. (Askozia, 2015) SIP Trunking advantages With the trunking of SIP, the ROI potential is far more noteworthy in light of the fact that the trunking of SIP takes the thought of VoIP above and beyond, past this as the application of LAN. The maximum capacity for IP interchanges can be acknowledged just when the correspondence will be taken outside of the LAN corporate. Trunking SIP conveys the few advantages: Eliminates exorbitant BRIs (Basic Rate Interfaces) and PRIs (Primary Rate Interfaces) memberships No requirement for putting the resources into PSTN portals and extra line cards as it will develop Edge gadgets will offer low venture way including fresh lines as they will be regularly less expensive per line than the comparing PSTN passage (Azzedine, 2009) Optimal use of transfer speed by conveying both information and voice in the similar association Maximum adaptability in dimensioning and utilization of lines to abstain from buying limit in lumps Flexible end of calls to favored suppliers; calls to anyplace worldwide will be made at the expense of the neighborhood one Redundancy with numerous administration suppliers and also the links The cost adequacy of the SIP trunk is such that by supplanting a current PSTN portal/PRI establishment with an edge gadget/SIP trunk, ROI might be accomplished in a matter of months. For new establishments the SIP fit edge gadget is regularly a littler venture than a PSTN entryway, making that speculation less expensive. (Casselman, 2013) Calculating the speculation ROI: It is practically difficult to ascertain a "standard" ROI for a SIP trunking speculation, as there are dreadfully numerous administration suppliers that offer administrations with generally contrasting conditions. No more BRIs, PRIs or PSTN doors One of the quick ways SIP trunks lessen correspondences expenses is by dispensing with the need to buy ISDN, BRIs, PRIs or neighborhood PSTN portals. Subsequent to the voice movement is currently steered through the Internet association with the ITSP, no neighborhood association with the PSTN is important at the venture area. The portals expected to associate with the PSTN will dwell in the ITSP's premises. (Cederqvist, 2013) Bandwidth use: The use of transfer speed is frequently low with both telephony (TDM) and Internet lines. The telephony designs in numerous associations are recognized by a few hours a day with numerous calls, some with few and the rest in the middle. Web information movement, then again, is generally, unpredictable, with "blasts" of activity occurrence for the duration of the day. By applying the right Quality of Service (QoS) settings, basic voice correspondence can be organized over the information correspondence at all times. Flexibility to include new lines: Including lines with the SIP trunk association is very direct. At the point when an undertaking utilizing a TDM arrangement needs to build its ability, the accompanying for every lump of 23 (U.S.) or 30 (Europe) lines must be included: New PRI membership. New line card for PRI in the PSTN door. (Company, 2009) At the point when the limit of the PSTN door and/or PRI association is achieved, it is important to put resources into an extra PSTN passage and/or PRI membership. In the SIP trunk arrangement, the venture can build one line at once by: Purchasing extra programming licenses for the edge gadget. Allocating a more prominent rate of the transfer speed for voice. Just if the aggregate transfer speed limit is utilized will the Internet association should be upgraded. Least Routing of Cost (LCR): The utilization of IP makes it conceivable to cost effectively utilize SIP trunks from different administration suppliers, contingent upon ideal accessibility and the best rates (benefiting from time zone contrasts, geology and so on.). Generally, the venture might turn into its own "Expert Service Provider" with memberships to administration suppliers in nations where they have the most astounding calling volumes. By directing calls to the least expensive administration supplier in light of nation codes, for instance, noteworthy funds can be accomplished. By "outsourcing" this capacity to the edge gadget the PBX needs just to send the number as it may be, and let the edge gadget act contingent upon destination and so forth. (Virgilio 2011) Utilizing numerous administration suppliers, gives a more elevated amount of security and dependability: Failover to optional Internet administration supplier. Failover to the optional administration supplier or move down PSTN portal. Making calls of IP-to-IP when conceivable: Today, calls which could get exchanged over IP the distance are associated through TDM associations. These circumstances emerge when calls are steered to a PSTN portal on the LAN. Basically, the genuine advantages of IP interchanges are not just undiscovered; they are crushed as quality will endure by simple/computerized transcending a few times over. ENUM (Electronic Number Mapping System, otherwise called Telephone Number Mapping) is an institutionalized location interpretation innovation received by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) utilizing DNS (Domain Name Service) to connect a telephone number to a particular SIP address. This element is utilized to consequently gaze upward telephone numbers to figure out whether they coordinate a known SIP address, permitting so that it can bring to be finished over the Internet (rather than exchanging it to the PSTN). (Gatch, 2010) The SIP trunking the venturing stone to higher profitability: Regardless of the fact that it is much harder to compute, it is maybe with the increased accomplished in enhancing profitability that SIP trunking conveys the speediest ROI of all. Presenting SIP-based real-time correspondence tremendously affects how individuals function, team up and impact now and later on. Taste trunking is a critical stride in this heading as the element moves correspondence from the old PSTN association with the Internet. Once that is done the field is open for embracing all of the profitability upgrading highlights that the SIP offers. (IETF 2010) Rich correspondence: SIP has turned into the standard convention for VoIP. Nonetheless, it was initially intended to start a wide range of real-time correspondences over the Internet, not simply voice. These sorts of real-time correspondence include: Presence, to view who is right now accessible and online Instant Messaging (IM), content informing in the real-time File exchange Application sharing coordinated effort on a solitary report White boarding, composing and drawing on the typical virtual whiteboard Conferencing the Video Machine-to-machine real-time correspondence The circumstances of the alarms Wifi-empowered hotspot, which is considered to get most ideal approach to get communicate between the associates, might be through IM, not VoIP. (Johnston, 2004) The straightforward business street warriors and home clients: One of the key advantages with rich correspondence applications is making organizations run all the more straightforwardly. Business can be led from anyplace on the planet paying little respect to time zones, areas (telecommuters, for instance) with the goal that clients have biggest access to your staff. Furthermore, workers can get to corporate assets from any place so as to spare the organization cash, they can influence skill from associates in different workplaces or even different nations, or use SIP to furnish clients with the best administration. This same innovation for the remote network can be utilized for all customers including PC-based softphones and IP telephones associated with the Internet. This is leverage of the SIP convention: to have the capacity to enroll different gadgets with the same location i.e. telephone number. A man can then, for instance, utilize an IP telephone/softphone at their home office and an IP-just telephone in the corporate office, both enlisted to the same number. One number achieves the representative in numerous areas. (Jonsson, 2008) Dual-mode handsets supporting voice over cell and WiFi: The interest for cellular telephones outfitted with both cell and WiFi capacities is exceptionally solid. The potential cost funds for a man who, for instance, every now and again voyages abroad and can exchange costly cell calls into for all intents and purposes free VoIP calls when associated with the Internet, is huge. Outsider customers that choose whether to course brings over VoIP (if a solid WiFi signal exists) or over cell systems are accessible. The following development of this capacity will be to flawlessly wander in the middle of WiFi and cell associations with no interference in the call. This innovation as of now exists and we will see a takeoff of this soon from various administration suppliers. Conveying the trunking of SIP can be the major step towards disentangling the association's information transfers and towards planning for the most recent ongoing correspondences improvements, however, the greatest inspiration for most of the associations is prompt and considerable cost reserve funds. (KREMLACEK, 2012) Spare cash on long separation administration: Long separation benefit normally costs essentially less with the association of SIP trunk. Dispense with IP-PSTN doors (or even the whole PBX): Since SIP trunks associate straightforwardly to the ITSP without navigating the openly exchanged phone system, you can dispose of IP-PSTN portals and their orderly cost and multifaceted nature. Some ITSPs will even host a PBX for you, assuming control both the PBX equipment and client organization in the event that you pick, with significant cost investment funds from decreased unpredictability, support, and organization. Take out a repetitive system: Sending SIP trunking is a legitimate step towards the objective of having a solitary, IP-based system, as opposed to repetitive phone and information systems. Take out BRI and PRI membership charges: With the SIP trunk associated specifically for an Internet telephony administration supplier, you can shed expensive BRIs and PRIs, supplanting them with the administration that can cost altogether less. Moreover, with SIP trunking you don't have to purchase lines in pieces of 24 or 32. Rather, you can purchase the transmission capacity you require, in littler augmentations, and at better costs. Expand the abilities of the Communications for Office Server with new administrations from the ITSPs: With the SIP trunk set up, we can develop existing abilities with extra administrations, for example, E9-1-1 crisis calling. Later on, we anticipate that ITSPs will new administrations, for example, more prominent mix with cellular telephones and vicinity data on gadgets that are not running the Communicator of Office. (Linask, 2012) The upsides of utilizing SIP trunking, among others, as take after: Diminish the expense of long separation administration Disposes of IP-PSTN doors/PBX Disposes of repetitive system Dispose of the expense of the membership BRI and PRI Grow the capacities of Lync Server with new administrations from ITSP Examination of SIP trunking association sort, as takes after: Association Type Advantage Hindrance Extraordinary paths (rented line) without other activity The most dependable more secure does not require vpn call limit most noteworthy carying generally costly Extraordinary paths (rented line) imparted to other IP activity, regularly utilizing MPLS more secure does not require vpn High IP activity can bring about impedance with VoiP, unless VoIP movement is given need Open (web) least expensive less protected require VPN less solid the limit of the most minimal call-carrying (Magnusson, 2012) Disadvantages of SIP Trunking SIP-based telephony bolsters rich new elements that produce significant cost funds and empower efficient, efficiency-boosting applications for endeavors, what's more, administration suppliers. Nonetheless, the innovation is still advancing and is not yet completely institutionalized. All things considered, SIP arrangements might confront certain troubles confronted amid execution. Interoperability All together for the SIP trunking establishment to work, all the system components in the venture system must interoperate together with every one of the components in the administration supplier system. Handsets, delicate telephone customers, hard what's more, or delicate PBXs, VoIP passages, firewalls, SIP servers, SS7 switches, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. With such a large number of system components in play, there's a considerable measure that can turn out badly. All it takes to ruin the gathering is one visitor that won't play pleasantly with the others. (Matt 2015) Data Security Since SIP trunking is an IP-based administration, it is liable to the same worries that torment IP information movement. These incorporate listening stealthily, disavowal of administration (DOS) assaults and so forth. While considering data security, it is vital not just to counteract assaults, the security arrangement must additionally to give certain related capacities, for example, Concealing the inner system topology from the outside world. Keeping malignant movement from taking significant data transfer capacity and system assets. Securing against block attempt and listening in, without presenting inactivity, jitter, or postponement. (pdombkowski 2009) Firewalls ordinarily give security by utilizing system address interpretation (NAT) to shroud the inward private system from outside clients and gadgets associated for people in general system. However there is an innate issue in the way a run of the mill firewall capacities. Encryption: Most VoIP doors trade off data security by transporting VoIP and information movement over open systems without encryption. For associations that handle delicate informationoutstandingly banks and budgetary foundations, and also military and certain government organizationsfrail security has made VoIP organization a non-starter. (Porter, 2009) Nature of Service: While the Internet is a best-exertion administration, PSTN administrations give ensured conveyance of activity. So a noteworthy sympathy toward numerous SIP-trunking adopters is whether SIP trunking can convey voice quality similar with that offered by the legacy PSTN. It is critical to have a component that stamps voice-over-IP movement so voice calls can be separated from information activity. Undertaking Class Features: As an Enterprises hold onto SIP trunking as an IP empowered administration, they will expect the same undertaking class highlights they as of now get from other IP-empowered administrations. Such elements incorporate, support for Virtual Private Systems (VPNs), voice encryption, high accessibility, full-highlighted IP directing with IP join excess, PSTN fallback for voice and information activity, framework survivability for business coherent. Keeping up the old PBX might be costly also, unwieldy Rich new elements that all-IP telephony empowers stay inaccessible Must put resources into totally new equipment End clients must experience a learning procedure to expert the fresher components (RFC, 2012) A very much arranged SIP execution by a learned merchant can have all the effect at last result. Here are a couple of zones that will require your consideration. Sufficient Bandwidth: While the reserve funds with SIP Trunking is generally entirely considerable, there are a few cases where the cost investment funds is refuted by the requirement for extra Internet data transfer capacity. In many occasions, you can simply utilize your current Internet circuit or add extra transmission capacity at a little cost. Concurrent Calls: When you change over to SIP Trunking, it is a characteristic time to re-survey the quantity of call ways required for your association. Ordinarily we find that a client does not have the ideal number of ways and is either squandering cash or getting occupied signs. You can settle that issue by requesting just the quantity of call ways required. Faxes and Alarms: While you will spare cash by radically diminishing your old telephone charge, you no doubt won't make it vanish totally. It is best practice that your caution framework ought to stay on a committed simple line gave by the telephone organization. You might likewise wish to keep your simple fax machine and that too will keep on requiring a simple line. (Rouse, 2012) DID Numbers: Conventional telephone organizations that will be passed out DID (Direct Inward Dial) numbers such as the confection. In the VoIP universe of SIP Trunking, there is a genuine expense for every telephone number. Along these lines, you'll need to do a stock and change over just the quantity of DID numbers you are really utilizing, in addition to satisfactory extras. Porting Number: The uplifting news is that you can keep the greater part of your current phone numbers. The awful news is that it can take a while to finish. Some friendly bearers collaborate great and your SIP Trunk supplier can change over in as meager as two weeks. Different bearers do everything possible to extend the procedure to a month or additionally, permitting them somewhat more income before they will lose you. (SIPcity 2012) Security contemplations for trunking the SIP Threats: Associating a gadget to the Internet uncovered the whole system to numerous sorts of dangers. One case is a beast power assault where the interloper tries to sign into an administration utilizing a client/secret key database attempting an enormous number of username and watchword mixes until the gatecrasher at long last succeeds in finding the right one. When access has been allowed the interloper might have the capacity to dispatch different sorts of assaults in light of known vulnerabilities to the administration being referred to and along these lines access different administrations or information. Importance of the steady stage: Firewall sellers have created huge ability in securing information correspondence. They know how to plan stable frameworks that are secured to just concede administrations that have been designed to pass. Firewalls examine and log activity and, if sufficiently canny, they can even piece suspected assaults including movement from known malevolent. SIP flagging: Firewalls with a SIP server and full SIP intermediary assume a basic part in keeping up big business security, and securing SIP trunks. They can modify SIP flagging and process in an exceptionally adaptable manner, guaranteeing right directing and interoperability with other frameworks worked and related models. One imperative part of the SIP intermediary is the SIP parser. The SIP parser confirms that the SIP message is substantial and that it might be sent to the nearby LAN. Deformed SIP messages are tossed. (Stapleton, 2012) A common channel would incorporate the accompanying: SIP techniques can be permitted or disallowed per system. Authentication can be empowered or debilitated per system and SIP strategy. SIP messages can be sifted on substance sort. Incoming guests can be confined to a white rundown; this rundown can be separately empowered /crippled per client. A channel in view of from/to header might be utilized to permit or prohibit preparing. The Controlling media: SIP intermediary innovation is an incredible approach to add a level of control to the stream of SIP media. This control offers gigantic focal points as to security. The primary motivation behind SIP is to set up a media session between customers. Media is taken care of by different conventions (frequently RTP). For media to navigate the endeavor edge, the SIP intermediary should progressively open the media ports for media to stream amid the term for the call. (Tengler, 2012) Quality and dependability problems One of the principle worries about VoIP and SIP trunking is with respect to Quality of Service and dependability. QoS Different administration supplier approaches Administration supplier controlling the association the distance: This makes it conceivable to organize the voice movement over information furthermore to give diverse Service Level Agreements (SLA) for various clients. Over-provisioning of connection: Here, the SIP trunking administration supplier encourages the association the distance to the supporter. Prioritization of voice activity: Prioritization, which can happen in the firewall or edge gadget, can be founded on: Services (convention and port). Packet size. SIP movement. IP-address Call affirmation control: likewise executed in the edge gadget, ensures that it is impractical to start a larger number of calls than what ought to fit into the connection. The executive characterizes the measure of transfer speed that is committed by voice and the data transmission per call in light of the codec utilized for voice. Poor voice quality can be the problem of the customer, or in view of the LAN interior: Poor voice quality is regularly a customer issue. It is normally realized that the general execution of a PC debases after some time because of seriously oversaw programming establishments and divided hard circles. These issues influence voice quality. MPLS: Many administrators offer MPLS as a method for conveying QoS in a VoIP administration. The MPLS system is an administration supplier oversaw VPN. Be that as it may, it is as simple to accomplish great Quality of Service in an open guidelines based SIP trunking association as with MPLS. (VoIPSA 2013) Unwavering quality of trunks of SIP: Another contention generally heard is that the SIP trunking association is not as dependable as the conventional TDM. Without a doubt Internet associations are more reliant on an electrical force, and TDM lines might have a marginally better normal uptime in numerous parts of the world. Taste Trunking might be more dependable: Due to the non-bendability in the TDM as far as number of lines, it is enticing to have a typical PRI pool of lines at the central command additionally serving the branch workplaces with PSTN availability. Conclusion At last, everything comes down to this: would we be able to trust SIP trunking? The solution is yes, in fact, we can trust the SIP trunking and the applications the length of we utilize the right measures to secure media, guarantee interoperability/future evidence the system with principles based hardware, and are keen about the way SIP trunks are sent. By including the SIP-competent edge gadget as a component of the organization, security, QoS and interoperability issues can be diminished essentially. This interprets into fantastic voice quality, a less demanding arrangement, and consistent interoperability i.e., a general better ordeal. (Wright, 2011) We see SIP trunks as making ready to an all IP, all SIP world where organizations can work without land imperatives, representatives can contribute just as paying little heed to the area, and everybody is reachable anyplace and at whatever time insofar as there's entrance to an Internet association. This is the vision the IETF had when they initially presented the SIP convention, the thought of genuine worldwide availability. Taste trunking amplifies the thought of consistent availability inside of a business to clients, remote representatives, anybody working outside the corporate system. Taste trunking associates today's undertakings to the cost investment funds, streamlined operations and rich-included correspondence that voice-over-IP. The profound arrangement of VoIP Routers provides the basic interface network, interface and convention transformation, and intense, component rich programming capacities to empower secure, dependable SIP trunking administration. With the greater part of the advantages that SIP trunking gives (particularly the significant cost investment funds), it's no big surprise that SIP trunking is an intriguing issue in bound together interchanges. References 4168, R. (2012). "The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as a Transport for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)." IETF. Askozia (2015). "What is SIP Trunking?", https://askozia.com/voip/what-is-sip-trunking/ Azzedine (2009). "Handbook of algorithms for wireless networking and mobile computing." CRC Press: pp: 774. Casselman, J. (2013). "Developing a Working Solution End-to-End " Shoretel Inc., pp: 23 Cederqvist, P. (2013). "IP telephony." Ingate Systems. Company, P. E. (2009). "SIP Trunking.", https://www.patton.com/whitepapers/sip_trunking_white_paper.pdf Gaboli, I. P., Virgilio (2011). ""SIP Trunking the route to the new VoIP services"." Kaleidoscope: Beyond the Internet., pp:439-500 Gatch, C. (2010). "SIP Connect." CTO, Cbeyond. IETF (2010). "SIP specifications.", https://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-sip-hitchhikers-guide-02.txt Johnston, A. B. (2004). "SIP: Understanding the Session Initiation Protocol." Artech House., ISBN 1-58053-168-7 Jonsson, L. M. C. (2008). ""Streaming audio contributions over IP"." EBU Technical Review., pp:86 KREMLACEK, R. (2012). "SIP Trunking for Dummies: 5 Common Problems.", https://www.teledynamic.com/blog/bid/137291/SIP-Trunking-for-Dummies-5-Common-Problems-and-How-to-Avoid-Them Linask, E. (2012). "The Many Flavors of SIP Trunking.", https://www.tmcnet.com/channels/sip-trunking/articles/42815-many-flavors-sip-trunking.htm Magnusson, J. (2012). "SIP Trunking Benefits and Best Practices ".,pp: 88 Matt (2015). "SIP trunking (Session Initiation Protocol trunking).", https://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/SIP-trunking pdombkowski (2009). "What is SIP?", https://www.networkworld.com/article/2332980/lan-wan/what-is-sip-.html Porter, T. A. Z. J. K. A. R. (2009). "Practical VoIP Security." Syngress: pp: 76-80. RFC, S. (2012). "SIPconnect.", https://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-sip-hitchhikers-guide-01.txt Rouse, M. (2012). ""Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)"." TechTarget. SIPcity (2012). "The Hype About SIP Trunking.", https://sipcity.com.au/what-is-sip-trunking/ Stapleton, J. A. (2012). "SIP trunking migration." Tengler, C. (2012). "A Service Providers Perspective on SIP Trunking.",pp:102 VoIPSA (2013). "Security taxonomy.", https://www.voipsa.org/Activities/taxonomy.php Wright, J. (2011). ""SIP - An Introduction"." Konnetic.,pp: 107-124

Theology Of Love Or Hate Essays - Christology,

Theology Of Love Or Hate Theology of Love or Hate? ?I make seeking my salvation the main business of my life.? (editor, Perkins. 103). At the time of the preceding statement, Jonathan Edwards neither had a full understanding of God's redeeming love or the ability to convey the simplicity of salvation through the love of Jesus Christ. It is improper and unscriptural to imply that an individual must make the quest for eternal life a prolonged and protracted journey. This places the salvation experience, or the eternal life goal, in the same class as it would the lifetime crusade of a physician desiring to help and heal others. Jesus said in the gospel according to St. John 3:16-17 (NIV), ?For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him.? Yes, there is Divine judgement just as there has been since man's first fall in the Garden of Eden. However, one must remember that before judgement, there was love. God made man and woman perfect. Sin re quired judgement be placed on man. God's love lingered with man. Nevertheless, before the first raindrop of the ?great flood? fell, God would again judge the world by his own law. Notwithstanding, God's love was first shown to all inhabitants of the earth. When man rejected that love, judgement followed. As it is with any father, God does discipline his children. He disciplines, but with a loving hand. Edwards continually used phrases such as ?always exposed to destruction,? ?sudden unexpected destruction,? ?anger and wrath of God,? and ?the dreadful pit of the glowing flames of the wrath of God.? This does not present the New Testament message of Jesus' love. Prior to Jesus' birth in that small stable in Bethlehem, the only means of atonement for sin was through the blood of a sacrifice. When Jesus took his first breath the old law of God ceased, and the new law began. Although there would be a thirty-three year wait for a resurrected savior, God's love, not hate, was alive, walking the streets, and offering something that would now be free: eternal life through the Son. The ?black clouds of God's wrath,? as Edwards termed it, would be absent until the last breath would be exhaled on the cross, the skies would become dark, and an earthquake happened. When God turned his back on his own Son there had taken place an exhibition of love on the grandest scale. I feel that Edwards, with all of his good intentions, was attempting to do again what the Puritans had failed at doing. He was trying to frighten his listeners out of hell instead of loving them into heaven. He was, in my estimation, saying, ?You are too stupid to see it. Let me tell you what God wants you to hear. Believe me because I am a godly man, and you are not.? In chapter three of St. John, Jesus began his talk with Nicodemus three times with ?Verily, verily, I say unto you (John 3:3, 5, 11). I take pleasure from the manner in which the new international version (NIV) of the Bible translates it. It reads; ?I tell you the truth ?I tell you the truth ?I tell you the truth Jesus was speaking. John 3:16-17 speaks of God's love for man. As a matter of fact, it shows the type of love that Jesus spoke of when he said in John 15:13, ?Greater love hath no man than this that he lay down his life for his friends.? It would take a father's love for me to die for my son or daughter. Notwithstanding, God would lay down the life of his own Son. It was to be done for a people who would spit on him, beat him, berate him, and hang him to die. It required not hate but a godly amount of love. Edwards was failing to proclaim this. God's message was and is that of love and life for the spiritually lost. The ?fierceness,? ?anger,? or ?fury? of

Examining The Principles Of The Front Office Tourism Essay Example

Examining The Principles Of The Front Office Tourism Essay Example Examining The Principles Of The Front Office Tourism Essay Examining The Principles Of The Front Office Tourism Essay What is front office? Front office means that the gross revenues forces and corporate finance employees in a fiscal services company. Besides that, front office besides means that gross revenues, selling and service sections that come in direct contact or communicating with the client illustration like a clients need to book a hotel room, so they must reach with the front office to recognize that. Furthermore, front office besides needs to intercede with the back office such as administrative and housekeeping sections to keep a two manner flow of information. The front office of a hotel by and large performs some basic activities such as: processing progress reserves, registering invitees name, boarding invitees, managing guest baggage, publishing room keys, security agreements, supplying information to the invitee, and settling the histories. In add-on, front office service works in the unit of ammunition the clock manner, with daylight, eventide and dark displacements. Front office service specializers are required to hold a good apprehension of room engagement procedure and take portion in invitee colony. In extra, the front office may besides function as the place for office machinery. Common devices found in the front office include duplicators, office computing machines, multi line phone, postage, and scale machines for mail. Hotels are about ever net income devising concerns, and it is the suites which provide most of the net income. Front office staff who are non gross revenues oriented are non likely to be much usage, this explain why we have devoted a subdivision to the assorted ways in which staff can better the output. Answer of Question 1: Within a hotel organisation they have some staff in front office section which is front office director, helper front office director, front desk representative, dark hearer, teller, reservationist, and telephone operator. Figure Staff of Front Office Front office Director The undertaking of front office director is to make all the responsibilities of the forepart desk operation, illustration like, inter-department meeting communications, developing the staff, order the staff to make their work, and plan the staff agenda. Front office directors normally interface with the invitees, ever recognizing them when they are come ining the constitution, bring forthing gross revenues and replying enquiries. By using direction rules, the front office director works through the front office staff to pass on feelings of lovingness, heat, efficiency and safety to every invitee. Therefore, the front office director should hold strong communicating accomplishments. Depending on the organisation, a front office director might interface with all invitees or merely with those considered sensitive or of import. The front office director must has at he or she disposal the basic elements of effectual direction pattern, such like equipment, suites to be sold, budget, employ ees or staff, and gross revenues chances. The director must be strain after for organizing those basic elements to accomplish the net income ends set by the organisation. In extra, other responsibilities of the front office director are include of: Prepares monthly studies to the general director Assists the room division director in preparation and execution of front office policies and processs Reappraisals and approves all room moves and room rate alterations to guarantee they were necessary Keep the necessary stock of supplies in all front office countries, while commanding costs in these countries Help the room division director in prediction room handiness to guarantee that the optimum degree of tenancy is attained. Assistant Front Office The undertaking of adjunct front office director is usually helps on the director s work. Besides that, the helper front office director, he or she will necessitate to guarantee the bringing of consistent quality client service all the clip. The helper for the front office is a individual who responsible for organizing the front office operation. In extra, the duties of adjunct front office director are to fix and carry on any front office meetings, after that inform to the front office director, other front office staff and resoluteness issues. Other responsibilities of the helper front office are: Perform a day-to-day cheque in and out processs. Provide information and way or counsel to look office staff in order to accomplish 100 % tenancy. Complete monthly paysheet and study to the front office director. Help the director in proctor labour costs to budget figures and aids in the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours operation in the constitution. Help the forepart desk during the busy period. Train the forepart desk staff. Front Desk Representative The forepart desk representative can be found in many of the larger lodging constitution. Front office representative is one of the staff in hotels or motels, and are ever the first individual to recognize incoming invitees. The duties of the front office representative are for taking incoming petitions for suites and observing particular petitions for service. When a new invitee enter the constitution, the front office representative must be welcome and recognizing them, register them, assign suites and issue room keys or cards to the invitees, and supplying information to the invitee. Furthermore, the front office representative may besides manage guest mail and baggage, maintain an stock list of room reserves, answer telephones and take messages from the invitees, trade with client ailments or mention disgruntled clients to a director, and look into day-to-day record sheets, guest histories, grosss and vouches utilizing computerized or manual systems. Therefore, the front office r epresentative must hold a strong communicating accomplishment to function the invitee. In little hotel, on the dark, front office representative may presume the responsibilities of helper director, dark teller, concierges or dark hearer. As in big hotel, the responsibilities front office representative may be divided among a few of desk clerks. Night Auditor Night hearer is known as the in house hearer. The responsible for the dark hearer is for carry oning audit and generating studies for direction. Night hearer besides ensures that all phone calls and invitees coming to look office for different affairs are decently addressed and taken attention of the belongings. Besides that, dark hearer balances the day-to-day fiscal minutess. He or she must hold a good or first-class appreciation of accounting rules and the ability to decide fiscal disagreements. Night hearer is fundamentally composed of some of import undertakings such like settling recognition cards for the twenty-four hours with bank to guarantee money transportation from the invitee history to the hotel history. In add-on, dark audit may besides follow the prescribe designed modus operandis, which include to update the guest pagination, perform history shutting for the twenty-four hours, prepare and distribute day-to-day measure to the invitee, and last is prepare and administe r a scope of study illustration like ageless stock list of history receivable. Furthermore, the individual in this place should necessitate experience as a desk clerk and have good communicating with the accountant. Teller Cashier is the 1 of the front office section. The duties of the teller are treating invitee check-out procedures and guest legal stamp and besides supply alteration for the invitee when the guest enter the constitution. Besides that, the teller besides helps do the forepart desk work load manageable when it was full house, means that the hotel that has its full invitee suites occupied and sometimes referred to as 100 per centum tenancy. In extra, the teller of the front office section is focused on managing of hard currency money. Other than that, front office teller may besides fix and settle of invitees histories, administer the safe sedimentation boxes and supply a foreign currency exchange service. Reservationists The responsible of reservationists is to take reserve and supplying information to the hereafter invitee about the installations or regulations of the hotel. The chief undertakings performed by reservationists are to giving friendly and first-class service to future guest when involved in telephone gross revenues. Besides that, holding trade with group engagements such like cancellations, alterations, and boarding lists. In extra, the reservationists should reply all reserve phone calls, taking reserves, and covering with reserves correspondence. Furthermore, the individual in this place must be look intoing and guarantee that all equipment is still working decently and that the needful sum of supplies is on manus. Telephone Operator The telephone operator would non be face to face with invitees of the hotel. As a telephone operator, he or she must hold a friendly and gracious tone of voice to function the invitee. The duties of telephone operator are to run the hotel telephone patchboard and reply all calls with quickly and good manners. The chief responsibility of a telephone operator is that of reassigning calls from outside the hotel to the appropriate invitee room. Besides that, they should be work closely with all sections on telephone related affair. Other than that, the telephone operator must be discreet with information received from companies. In extra, the individual in this place must hold full cognition of all installations and events in the hotel and reply enquiries about it. Organization Chart of Front Office Small Hotel Front Desk Representative Night Auditor Front Office Manager Bell Staff Concierge Desk Staff Night Auditor Guest Service Reservation Front Office ManagerMid Size Hotel Front Office ManagerLarge Hotel Assistant Front Office Manager Elevator Operator Night Auditor Guest Service Telephone operator Teller Reservation Manager Room key Clerk Bell Staff Concierge Desk Staff Decision Front offices are the nervus centre of a hotel and play a really of import function in a hotel. The staff of forepart office will welcome the invitees, recognizing them, carry their baggage, boarding them, give them room keys or cards and mail, answer the inquiry about the activities and installations in the hotel, and look into them out. Besides that, the front office may execute other undertakings such like take invitee inside informations and apportion their room, take message to them, cipher invitee s measures and issue grosss upon payment, topographic point invitees ownerships in a safe if requested, trade with questions and requested from invitee and arrange adjustment for invitees going to other finishs. In a little hotel, the responsibilities may transport out by one people. However, in a big hotel, there may three to five people to transport out the responsibilities. Each attender is allocated a set of specific responsibilities to execute. Due to look office is the first fee ling to the invitee, so that, the staff of front office must be make their occupation every bit good as they can. Question 2 Front office staffs must hold certain accomplishments to pull invitees during the first feeling. Write about Front Office staff accomplishment in invitee dealingss. Introduction Many experient people who work in hotel agree that societal accomplishments are really of import for front office occupation. What is societal accomplishment? Social accomplishment is depends to how we get along with others individual such like guest, household and friends. Social accomplishment is most ever as a accomplishment that allows us to pass on, associate, and socialise with other people. Besides that, societal accomplishment means possessing the ability to accomplish a specific nonsubjective expeditiously. There are two types of societal accomplishment which are typing accomplishment and cookery accomplishment. Typing accomplishment is the ability to bring forth acceptable quality text, without taking all twenty-four hours over it or botching a twelve sheets of paper in the procedure. Cooking accomplishment is the ability that produces nutrient that is both comestible and appetizing. So that, societal accomplishments are communicating with living things alternatively of bin ding accomplishment, pass oning with keyboard or mouse and cookery accomplishments, pass oning kitchen ingredients. Besides the two accomplishments, it still has other nonsubjective to accomplish, but have to use words, looks, and gestures. Therefore, societal accomplishment is involves uniting these elements in such a manner as to act upon other people s attitudes and behaviour by utilizing those elements. In extra, societal accomplishment are same like other sort of accomplishments which can merely developed through pattern or preparation. This pattern demand to take the signifier of unscripted face to face conversations. Furthermore, good societal accomplishments include things such as compromising, cooperating, and esteeming the personal infinite of others. Answer of Question 2 The people who work as a front office employees, they must cognize and recognize some certain accomplishments, in order to pull the invitee during the guest enter the constitution and give them a good first feeling. The accomplishments should look office staffs learn are in the figure below: Figure The accomplishments should look office staff learn Behaviors Behaviour means that the manner that person behaves and their attitudes, particularly towards to other individual. For case, a invitee enter an constitution, so the reservationists will welcome and recognizing them before start covering with the invitee, such like stating Hello, welcome, May I Help you? Besides that, the receptionist should talk out the phrase and tone right, illustration like communicate feelings of lovingness, heat, efficiency and safety to every invitee. In extra, behaviour is that the front office staff to travel on when they are run intoing with the invitee for the first clip, particularly they are do nt cognize anything about the invitee in progress. Furthermore the receptionist should be neatly attire, nail must be clean and a suited hairdo. Therefore, the receptionist has the good feeling and behaviour to the invitee. Self-Presentation Self-presentation means that the dressing and training of the receptionist. If the receptionists have oning neatly dressing and preparing, so the guest will cognize more about the receptionists before holding a conversation. Besides that, many hotels needs their staff to have on their uniform neatly, suited hairdo and the nail of staff must be clean. For case, the staff of front office section must be wear their uniform or formal garb neatly ; in nutrient and drink section, the chef should have on apron, chapeaus, bloomerss and their nail should be clean and ca nt be so long ; in security section, the guard should have on the security guard uniform with neatly and which there is a arm ad sagely. If the hotel staff give the guest bad feeling, so the invitee wo nt patron the hotel once more. Therefore, the staff of the front office must do certain that their garb is clean and neatly. If the receptionist is soiled, so the guest will believe that other countries of the hotel are besides same dirty. Position Position means that the topographic point where the front office staff such like pantryman is situated. Where the staff base is really of import, non merely in relation to equipment such like the desk, but besides in relation to the people that the staffs are covering with the invitee. Besides that, the staff of forepart office has their ain country call personal infinite . The construct of place can be taken farther. Whenever the guest find themselves sitting or standing straight face-to-face with each other with a desk or tabular array in between, and divided the barrier into two equal territories . When the receptionist slapped the enrollment signifier in forepart of a invitee and so tilt forward to see the guest filling it out. These sorts of action or behaviour are wholly incorrect and called rude and this may do the invasion that causes people feel uncomfortable. Position Position means that the place how the front office staff stand or sit in relation to the invitee. Besides that, when confronting some people, usually indicates involvement and larning forward shows even greater involvement. Other than that, some action such like utilizing our limb to pull the people that we interested or we can utilize it as barriers to close out the people we are nervous and panic. When the receptionists leant forward for the desk and watch the guest filling signifier, surely, but even so he or she kept weaponries folded which show that the staff is non really dying to assist the invitee. Gesture Gesture means that a manner of directing signals by traveling parts of our organic structures particularly our custodies, weaponries and caputs. Gesture which has the closest related to the position. Handss are wholly of import. The unfastened thenar is a mark of friendly relationship for the older age individual and besides an indicant of honestness. Means that, many hand-to-face gestures such like touching others nose or talk will convey out negative feeling or feeling, illustration like panic, concern, or uncertainty. For case, when a invitee enter a constitution and inquiring the receptionist something, and so the receptionist shore uping one s caput on a manus frequently indicates ennui. The invitee will experience that the receptionist is non respects he / she, and so the guest would non patron the hotel once more. Expression Expression means a expression on a individual face that demoing their ideas and feelings. As a front office staff, they must give the good first feeling towards to the invitee. Besides that, the scope of possible looks but some we can by and large acknowledge when seeing it. For case, smiling with the oral cavity curves traveling upwards and the eyes crinkle a small spot at the corner. So that, the invitee will experience disquieted or nervous which stare to them with a space and even acquire greeted by a ennui look. Therefore, the front office staff should serious when they are serves the invitee. Eye Contact In front office section, oculus contact is a really of import thing, because when looking at person usually carries non merely involvement but wishing every bit good. If a individual is forestalling the regard of the others who is speaking, that means the individual might speak or giving dishonest reply. Furthermore, there are three types of way on looking, which include: concern regard, societal regard and confidant regard. Business regard means dressed ores on the eyes and brow in order to keep a serious and rational ambiance. Social regard is the motion of the other individual s eyes and oral cavity which demoing a better involvement in reactions. Intimate regard means moves between the other individual s oculus and organic structure, and signals instead more than mere societal involvement. The receptionists must be avoided the confidant regard. So that, the receptionists must understand the type of regard and utilize it right. Address Address is really of import in front office section, because it is the clearest manner to show the involvement of the staff in the invitee public assistance by utilizing phrases, illustration like Good Morning and Can I assist you . Besides that, name the guest Sir or Madam or merely name their name straight, and the invitee will be experiencing the staff is respect they. Obviously, if utilizing the invitee name will hold a good memory, because that shows that the staff recognizes the invitee as an single and merely an nameless invitee. The manner to cognize the guest name is take a speedy expression at the invitee s enrollment card. Non verbal Speech Component Non verbal address elements means the tone that the staff of the hotel utilizing to speak with the invitee. Word can be speak out heartily, rapidly, easy, and efficiency. The staff can convey it all out together, or can infix a intermission illustration like Good Morning†¦sir , this instances show that the staff is non certain about the invitee deserves. Besides that, the staff can raise their tone a small at the terminal and turn the phrase into a inquiry such as Good Morning†¦sir . So that, the staff who work in front office section should cognize how to utilize their tone suitable. Decision At last, societal accomplishments is really of import to look office work. Good societal accomplishments are critical to successful operation in life. Besides that, societal accomplishments enable us to cognize what to state, how to act in diverse state of affairss and how to do the pick right. In extra, the staff of front office such like receptionist, can utilize those accomplishments to quiet down some agitate invitee. Other than that, people with good societal accomplishments are by and large more friends compare with the individuals who are hapless with societal accomplishment.

Contemporary Urban Planning Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contemporary Urban Planning - Article Example This paper seeks to reflect on various issues that concern urban planning as far as packing spaces are concerned. Regulating parking prices The increased need to diversify investment portfolio has resulted to opening of more businesses in cities as well as establishment of taxi industry especially by young investors. This implies that it is essential for city authorities to adopt right parking prices. It is worth to note that high prices may result to empty curb spaces thus leading to various negativities not only to the business but also to the environment. For example, businesses that are located near parking areas will lose customers, leading to low sales and reduced profits. Due to reduced business operations large number of employees loses jobs resulting to high poverty level especially in the urban areas. In the same way, low packing prices will increase the demand for packing spaces. In their efforts to search for packing spaces, motorists highly contribute to environmental pollution through the emission of carbon. Similarly, traffic jams are experienced and the level of fuel wastage is high. One of the key measures that city authorities should advocate for is setting up proper pricing mechanisms that will ensure availability of at least two parking spaces in every building (Donald 36). Through adoption of performance pricing, parking spaces will not only be appropriately used but also they will be available. In addition, the level of environmental pollution caused by carbon that is emitted during traffic congestion will greatly b e reduced. It is also vital to note that one of major causes of economic backwardness of third world countries are the many hours that employees take while in traffic jams. This means that through performance pricing, the time taken by drivers in traffic congestion will be highly reduced. A notable city that has effectively utilized performance parking is San Francisco. Through the SFpark, the city has put in place meter that does not only report the availability of parking spaces but also they charge variable prices (Donald 12). Implication of right prices on business performance Installation of parking meters has attracted criticism from some drivers. For instance, some motorists in San Francisco argue that the use of meter especially during the evening will demotivate them from going to the restaurants located at the downtown. However, appropriate location of meters will result to proper management of parking spaces that will ensure one or two spaces are available for the custome rs who are willing to pay the fees. One of the major benefits of adopting performance parking in the contemporary urban planning is that motorist who are willing to pay the fees are also in a position to carry customers who are loyal to the businesses located near parking areas. This will ultimately result to more sales for such business thus creating more job opportunities. In the same way, carpooling is enhanced thus resulting to the reduction of packing costs incurred by individual drivers. One of the merits that make performance prices reliable is that they are sensitive to demand. For example, during recession the parking prices are deemed to fall thus resulting to continuous flow of customers. This will not only increase the sales of businesses but also employment opportunities will be generated in the urban areas. Role of parking fees on the expansion of public utilities To