Effect of Investor Sentiment on Cross Sectional Stock Returns Case Study

Effect of Investor Sentiment on Cross Sectional Stock Returns - Case Study Example Competition among them leads to a balance in which prices equal the reasonably inexpensive value of expected cash flows, and in which the cross-section of predictable returns depends only on the cross-section of systematic risks. Even if some investors are irrational, classical theory argues, their strain are offset by arbitrageurs with no momentous impact on prices. In this paper, we present evidence that investor sentiment may have major effects on the cross-section of stock prices. Investment sentiments with in the stock market and the effect of investor emotions on stock returns are certainly the first issue that investors should consider. At the outset, investing is an act of faith, a willingness to postpone present consumption and save for the future. Investing for the long term is central to the achievement of optimal returns by investors. Unfortunately, the principle of investing for the long term-eschewing funds with high turnover portfolios and holding shares in soundly managed funds as investments for a lifetime- is honoured more in the breach than in the observance by most mutual fund managers and shareholders. (Arbel, 1983 44) The term second-hand information refers to information that has been collected from public sources and manipulated or simply reported again by a public news source. Prior research documents the existence of abnormal returns upon the announcement of secondhand information in the form of analysts' recommendations published in a variety of business periodicals. These abnormal returns generally are found to be short-lived. Explanations of the abnormal returns associated with second-hand information include the fact that the market may be inefficient; that second-hand information increases attention focused on the company; that it increases the volume of trading, putting price pressure on the company's stock; and that it provides new information about the company's future prospects or reduces uncertainty associated with previous reports about the company. The objective of this study is to provide additional evidence on the impact of secondhand information on stock prices. We examine a source of information heretofore untested in the finance literature: stock purchase recommendations contained in the widely read weekly business periodical Barron's. The different sources of information in Barron's allow us to examine additional explanations of the impact of second-hand information. We also explore the impact of firm size on the stock price reaction to the disclosure of second-hand information. Literature Review The results provide additional evidence that second-hand information has an impact on stock prices. Consistent with prior studies of other sources of second-hand information, the results show that Barron's recommendations have a substantial impact on stock

It was a bitter winters night Essay Example for Free

It was a bitter winters night Essay It was a bitter winters night and George was sitting in his big white house. Georges lapdog, Tony, was lying at his owners feet. His big pointy ears were jiggling and his huge forehead was creasing up as he breathed in and out. George was watching television. Although he was not really mentally capable of understanding some of the intellectual humour he was watching, he happily sat there giggling away at the Tweenies with Tony. George and Tony deserved to relax after the hard day they had had at school. George was head boy at his school, the United School of Akronica, and he was having a spot of trouble with one of the other boys. Sammy Whosayne was bullying other children in his class and George thought that he should do something about it. George also believed that Sammy had some stink-bombs of mass poignancy but he could not prove anything. Although George was head boy, it did not mean he could do what he wanted; he had to speak to one of the teachers first. The teacher that he had to speak to on this occasion was called Mrs. U.Benn. She was in charge of the committee against bullying, Necessitarians Against The Oppressors. Usually, U. Benn and NATO sorted out problems between different groups within the school but this time she said no because George could not prove that Sammy had stink-bombs of mass poignancy. George was furious; he couldnt believe that they had said no to him. He soon got over it though when he saw something shiny on the floor. George realised that if he want to do anything about Sammy Whosayne, he was going to have to do it himself. He realised that he could not do it by himself. He asked help from his friend Pierre Le-Grenouille. Unfortunately for George, Pierre was a bit of a wimp and said that he did not want to go to fight anyone. What a coward. Anyway, although slightly disheartened, George continued to plan his fight against Sammy after hed finished his warm milk and colouring in. George had gathered up his friends and they looked quite impressive, his dog Tony and he made quite a team. The two of them burst into Sammy Whosaynes classroom. They were much more heavily armed than him. George was equipped with the latest advances in paper aeroplanes. The planes flew into the class room taking out everything in their path (providing it was also made out of paper). This was lucky because Sammy had built his defences entirely out of paper. George attack completely wiped out the bullys fortresses. He fled with his friends for fear of getting a paper cut. George was so happy that he couldnt stop himself from giggling like a little girl. After Georges crushing victory, he embarked on a search of the classroom for the stink-bombs of mass poignancy. He started this colossal task by checking in Whosaynes locker. Obviously not realising that the locker was open, George set about trying to push the door open. He pushed as hard as he could for a good forty-nine minutes. Eventually Tony the dog, who had watched the whole pathetic affair, decided he couldnt take it anymore and decided to show George that the door was unlocked and all he had to do was pull it. Tired out after pushing a solid piece of metal for forty-nine minutes, George languidly routed through the deviants locker for any signs of the stink bombs of mass-poignancy. The locker was covered in dust, much like a certain middle-eastern country whose name escapes me. He searched every nook and cranny of the cupboard. He went bravely into the cracks and caverns without knowing what he would find. After what seemed like months of searching (it was actually about twenty minutes), George was fruitless. As NATO had guessed, Sammy did not have any stink bombs of mass poignancy. George did not even catch Sammy. He was very embarrassed. He was also quite worried as there was an election coming up for head boy. He realised that he had to find Sammy and then possibly his reputation would be saved although, if were being perfectly honest, his reputation wasnt really one worth saving. He searched the playground for the rest of break and just as things were looking bad, he saw someone hidden in the climbing frame that looked very much like the fugitive bully. He went up to him but he realised that hed gotten the wrong person because the person hed found had a beard. He apologised and walked off. As he was walking off, Tony kicked him which provoked thought. He thought that a boy having a beard was rather unusual at a school. He went back and the boy looked a little worried at the sight of a jolly giggling little man rushing towards him. George went up to him with a stern look of concentration on his face. He opened his mouth and, to the horror of Tony, he asked the bearded boy what life was like in the sixth form. As we all will have guessed by now, the bearded boy was actually Sammy Whosayne in what was frankly a pretty pathetic disguise (although it did fool George). Sammy opened his mouth and thats when George finally realised who it was. He grabbed him and took him out to show the rest of the play ground. Ive caught him he shouted. Not realising that nobody cared and that they werent listening he carried on his speech. I have capturidafied this hooligan and hopefully he will not continue to tormentify us any more. Thank me very much for giving me your attention. It was a good job that no one was listening because he would have made a complete ass out of himself. Not only had his speech included words that didnt exist but where he believed he was holding a master criminal, he was actually clutching a piece of tarpaulin with some loose bits of hair stuck to it. By this point Tony the dog had given up trying to help him. This is the end of my tale about a stupid man with power and his pet. As of yet, we do not know if George will be elected as head of the United School of Akronica but lets hope, for all our sakes, that someone with more common sense gets the job.

The life and death of Ernesto Guevara de la Serna :: essays research papers

Ernesto Guevara de la Serna the future Che Guevara was born on June 14 in Rosario in Argentina. At the age of two Che had his first asthma attack, a disease that he had to suffer with right up until he was shot to death by Barrientos’ troops in the forests of Bolivia. His father Ernesto Guevara Lynch, an engineer, was from a family of Irish descent, and his mother, Clia dela Sena, was an Irish-Spanish descent. When Che was three his family moved to Buenos Aires. His asthma attacks had gotten so worse that the doctors advised him for a drier climate. So once again Guevara family moved, this time to Cordoba. The Guevara’s were a typical bourgeois family, and in terms of their political inclinations they were known to be liberal closer to left. During the Spanish civil war they had supported the Republicans. Ernesto followed the war very closely, as his uncle had gone to Spain as a reporter Ernesto knew all about the war. In time their financial situation worsened. Che started Dean Funes high school where he was being educated in English. In the meanwhile, he was also learning French from his mother. In 1944 Guevara family moved to Buenos Aires. They were having serious financial problems now so Che started working while he was a student. He registered to medical school. In the early years of his study at the medical school he travelled throughout the northern and western Argentina, studying on leprosy and tropical diseases in the villages. In his last year at the school, Che went on trip through the Latin America by motorbike with his friend Alberto Granadas. This gave him the chance to get to know better the exploited villagers of the Latin America. Che graduated from medical school as a doctor in March 1953 and decided to work in a leper colony in Venezuela. He was on his way to Venezuela when he was put to jail in Peru because of his earlier publication on the natives. When got out, he stayed in Ecuador for a while, where he met Ricardo Rojo, a lawyer. Meeting Ricardo turned out to be a turning point in Che’s life. He changed his mind of going to Venezuela, and instead went to Guatemala with Ricardo Rojo. When revolutionary Arbenz government was overthrown by a rightist coup, he took refuge in Argentina embassy.

Chains Book Report

Chains Summer Reading and Book Report In the year of 1776, America was much different than it is today. Back then, we were ruled by the British Royal Family, and we only had a total of thirteen colonies. Chains was based in the time of slavery and of the Revolutionary War. Isabel and Ruth were slaves for Miss Finch; in her will, Miss Finch wrote for the sisters to be freed once she had passed. After the funeral, the will could not be acquired. Now the girls were slaves, not free. After this unfortunate event, Isabel was confident that she could find the lawyer who had written the will to prove that they were free.The sisters were then returned to the slave market and sold to the Lockton's, together. The relationship between the British Government and the American Colonies started to crumble. There were several reasons for this. Some people in the Colonies, like the Lockton's, hadn't yet decided which side they are on, Loyalists or Patriots, so they played on both. These people, the à ¢â‚¬Å"half pats†, would get information from America that would be useful in the time of war, and transmit this information to the British Government. This information proved to be crucial to help the Patriots win the Revolutionary War.The Patriots desperately wanted their independence, because there was an official religion and mostly, of the incredibly heavy taxes set in America. New York City was very different than it is today; no taxi's, no Time Square, and absolutely no skyscrapers, but there was tension in the air as if something on a large scale was about to occur. There were grand mansions on the street corners, people going to the shops in carriages, and mostly there were slaves. During the time of war, soldiers were rummaging through houses looking for anything made of lead, for ammunition.The Loyalists and the Patriots were both using spies to help them gain the advantage in the Revolutionary War. The British Government was using the Lockton's as well as other â₠¬Å"half pats†, while the Patriots were using Isabel and other slaves for spies. Many of the â€Å"half pats† we're under surveillance by the continental army during the time of the Revolutionary War. The first major theme of Chains is determination, as a result of Isabel being very determined to find the lawyer that had written Miss finch's will to prove that she and her sister were free.Even though Mr. Roberts acquired the sisters from Miss Finch, he sold the sisters to the Lockton's. Isabel told Mr. Roberts that in Miss Finch's will the sisters should be freed. He informed Isabel that was a lie and said she couldn't read. Isabel still was very determined to prove him wrong. The second important theme is patience. If it wasn't for Isabel having abundant patience, then the sisters' wouldn't be in the place that they are now. Isabel worked every day for hours upon hours and did not complain about anything.She would clean, sweep, wash, dry and any other job that Master or Madam Lockton needed, yet still she had patience that something great would finally happen to them. The third major theme of this book is family. When Isabel and Ruth's mother died, all of her belongings were given to the girls, but once Miss Finch passed, those belonging weren't Isabel's and Ruth's anymore. When they were sold, Isabel took some flower seeds to plant as a memoir of their mother. As if it couldn't get any worse, Ruth was then separated from Isabel to be Madam Lockton's personal slave.Family was very important because since Isabel lost Ruth, she has no family left. Chains could greatly change the world today. First, if we all learned to appreciate all of our belongings and not crave more and more, then we would all be a completely altered people. In the book, Isabel was taken from her former home and put in a new dwelling with basically nothing. The only thing that Isabel and Ruth were able to snatch were a handful of their mothers flower seeds. Ruth didn't even get to grab her precious doll that her mother had made for her before she had passed.Secondly, if we started to spend more time with our family, then the world could be changed as well. The only family that Isabel and Ruth had was their mother, and when she passed they had no one left, not one single family member they knew. Lastly, if we were all as determined as Isabel was, then the world would also be forever changed. We would be determined to finish homework on time, get good grades on tests, and mostly, be determined to follow the golden rule. Treat others like you would like to be treated. If that happened, then there would be no murders, no stealing, basically no crime, and in schools no bullying.Isabel was so determined to find her former owner's will to prove they were free. If she couldn't find the will the consequences would be life as a slave. I feel as if I am changed on the inside, because all that Isabel and Ruth went through was so extreme. If I was in their place, I wou ld probably not be as determined, or as courageous as either of them. I can definitely relate to Isabel, because it appeared Ruth had special needs. It seemed she did not talk very much and when she did it sounded as if she was in her own little world.I relate to this because I have a brother with special needs. I feel responsible to keep an eye on him, help him, and mostly protect him. Like Isabel I need to protect him from from the dangers of other people and of many items that could harm him. I really started to appreciate most things that we take for granted like having a family, the house that I live in, my iPad, my iPod and my phone, and a bed. Isabel and Ruth were explaining that to make their bed more firm they would add corn husk to it, while we all complain about springs or foam.All of the little things that we don't really notice all come into play when they're gone. I already knew that slavery was quite a big deal, but after reading it from a slaves point of view totally changes what I though was real history. I also didn't realize that the tension between the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain was so large. I didn't know that the British government were using Loyalists as â€Å"half pats† to gain information from the patriots. This book helped me learn so much about the relationship between the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain.I really did love this book but there were a couple of things that didn't quite make sense to me, like, what did Mr. Roberts do to the will at the beginning? Or did he do anything to it at all? The main part that I did dislike very much was when they would talk and they would use slang words, and I would get lost and have to reread to finally understand. Overall this was an excellent book. It described the tension between the Colonies and Great Britain, why the Patriots and the Loyalists split, why the Loyalists still remained in the Colonies, and why the Patriots sought independence and freedom.In conclusion Chai ns tells us to appreciate the things that we have and the people that we love. This book is not just a book that has a story that goes along with it, it is a moral that we all should abide by. Just think, if we all followed all of the themes and morals in this book, we could say we are pretty close to perfect. To be and to follow all of the themes and morals are nearly impossible but if we believe that we can, we can achieve anything.

Maroon 5 and Band

Maroon 5 is an American pop rock band from Los Angeles, California. [1][2][3] The group originally formed in 1994 as Kara's Flowers while they were still attending high school. With a line-up of Adam Levine, Jesse Carmichael, Mickey Madden and Ryan Dusick, they signed to Reprise Records and released an album, The Fourth World, in 1997. After a tepid response to the album, the band parted with their record label and attended college. In 2001, the band regrouped and added James Valentine to the lineup, and pursued a new direction under the name Maroon 5. 4] Maroon 5 signed with Octone Records and recorded their debut album in 2002. The album, Songs About Jane, was released in June 2002. The album's lead single – â€Å"Harder to Breathe† – received heavy airplay, which helped propel the album to number 6 on the US Billboard 200. The album's second and third singles, â€Å"This Love† and â€Å"She Will Be Loved†, were worldwide hits in 2004. The band wo n the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 2005. For the next few years, the band toured extensively worldwide in support of Songs About Jane and issued two live recordings: 2004's 1. 22. 03.Acoustic and 2005's Live – Friday the 13th. [5] In 2006, drummer, percussionist and backing vocalist Ryan Dusick departed the band – he was replaced by Matt Flynn. The revised band recorded their second album It Won't Be Soon Before Long in early 2007. [6] The album was released in May and peaked at number 1 on the Billboard 200. The album's first single, â€Å"Makes Me Wonder†, became the band's first number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100. Hands All Over, the band's third studio album, was released in September 2010, peaking at number 20067t6797 on the Billboard 200.The album's lead single â€Å"Misery† was a top 15 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 while the album's fourth single, â€Å"Moves like Jagger†, became the band's second single to top the Hot and Spicy 100 and sold over 8. 5 million copies worldwide as of June 2012. [7] The band released their fourth studio album Overexposed in June 2012. The album peaked at number 2 on the Billboard 200. Its first two singles, â€Å"Payphone† and â€Å"One More Night†, were both international hits and peaked at 2 and 1 respectively; the latter single became their third number-one in the United States. Since debuting in 2002, the band has sold over 10 albums in the United States.

Introduction to Criminology

Introduction to Criminology After reading the article, it is notable that there are awesome highlights explaining the history, development, and evolution of crime in the society. The first thing that comes out clearly from the article is the nature of crime. Different criminal activities have existed in the society over the past centuries. For example, certain criminal activities such as robbery have been common. In the recent past, new criminal activities have emerged such as piracy and gunfights.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Criminology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some crimes such as slavery have reappeared in the form of kidnappings. It is because of this aspect of crime that new technologies scientific inquiries have emerged to understand the field of criminology much better. In the 18th century, criminology emerged as a major field of study with different sociologists and scholars contributing a lot to the field. Th is eventually played a major role towards reforming criminal justice and law in Europe. The other fascinating issue from the article is how crime has changed over the centuries. Crime and the definition of criminal acts and deviant behaviors are â€Å"social products†. This means that the individuals in a specific society will define what should be a crime or not. Criminologists distinguish acts depending on the society and the existing political laws. It is also notable that the article explains how people identify certain acts to be bad because they have been prohibited in the society. This explains why there are some universal laws against acts such as assault, rape, and murder. The author of the article goes further to present a fascinating point of interest. There are two models of criminal law. These include the â€Å"consensus† and the â€Å"conflict† models. The consensus model explains how a society describes what is â€Å"wrong† and then impleme nts the most effective laws. The conflict model, on the other hand, explains how criminology and criminal law originates from the interests or expectations of various politicians, interest groups, or leaders. This means that the definition of crime mainly reflects the expectations and views of the powerful people in a society. The article also explores the problem of crime from a sociopolitical and economic perspective thus making it a frustrating â€Å"moment†. According to statistics, global crime has been on the rise since the Second World War. Crime continues to take new forms depending on technological changes and developments.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As well, crime is a major problem because it is hard to estimate its costs. A study by David Anderson indicated that the cost of crime is very high and affects the lives of people across the world. The art icle explains how crime affects people and increases the level of government expenditure to cater for prisoners, control crime, and policing. This is the reason why governments and societies should consider the best laws to address the problem of crime because it affects all people alike. In our modern world, the article explains why crime continues to become a major challenge across the globe. Crime also has both sociological and psychological aspects thus making it full cost incalculable. That being the case, there should be new inquiries to define crime accurately and be able to address it because it is a major concern today. I would therefore recommend this article because it offers a wider range of views, insights, and understanding of crime as a major sociological issue affecting the world today. Introduction to Criminology The term criminology refers to the design and scientific study of the extent, nature, control and cause of the criminal behaviors in both the individual and society. Crime is any act committed that deprives the individuals and the society of their values, rights and beliefs. There are different reasons why people commit crimes. Several factors such as the society, systems, culture and economy affect the criminal behaviors of a person. The criminal act may be as a result of a combination factors or one factor stated above.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Introduction to Criminology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reasons behind a person’s desire for committing a crime vary from an individual to the other. The reasons include anger, greed, revenge, jealousy, or pride. Many people organize for successful crimes just to acquire and live a better life. The act is in some people. Several criminals think th at the action is more lucrative than performing routine jobs. It is in their minds that crime brings joy and substantial rewards. I think that inadequate parenting skills like neglected and sexually abused children are liable to be criminals later in life. Peer pressure and drug abuse can also lead to criminal offences. Drug users will always think negatively on how to make money for more drugs than what they have. Income and level of education is a significant factor leading to crime. Low-wage earners may be tempted to get additional resources to make ends meet. Some will automatically prefer illegal processes to get cheap cash. Easy accesses to handguns which are sold cheaply give criminals a sense of security. They can be able to accomplish vicious crimes because of the support they get from the firearms. I may commit crime, especially white-collar crime, for monetary gain to meet my budgetary needs. People become criminals through a process in their life. The life experiences pe ople face in life makes them think differently and acquire new skills. They eventually chose what they want to be. It is believed that all criminals have some basic denominator. The intention is to make some gains in their actions done. Different criminals have different reasons for their actions. Some will be criminals for a specified period while others will make it for life. The theory of sociology says that the major cause of crime is the straining groups and individuals undertake. These people can not live without criminal acts. An individual will experience such strains when they can not achieve their goals. The same will happen when their values are taken away by other people. Lower- class people will steal to make additional money because they can not get enough from the low wages they earn. There are cases where crime follows family line. There re some instances where all family members are criminals.Advertising Looking for term paper on criminal law? Let's see if w e can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The best way of taming the action in the society is by reforming the system especially the judicial, economic and the education. A change should start with oneself. The legal domain commits white-collar crimes and goes undetected. There should be guidelines in the usage of force by law enforcers like the use of firearms. Clear guidelines on lawyers and prosecutor roles should be implemented. The principles on controlling juvenile delinquency and their protection should be entrenched in the judicial system. The length of detention should be reduced for the offenders. Prisoners who remain in for more than two years find it hard to re-incorporate into the society. Another best way of reducing crime is by reducing the opportunities. This can be ensured by increasing the number of the police force in the streets and increasing their income. Street lights should be on all the time. Creation of employment is a pri ncipal strategy to boost the economy. This will tame crime because many people will be earning a living. Control of outlawed drugs should be intensified to tame drug addiction among the users. I think that there should be criminal education by the judicial system to enlighten people on the dangers of crimes.

Frederick Douglass Fight from the Cultural Norm

Frederick Douglass Fight from the Cultural Norm American RomanticismNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave written by Frederick Douglass is perhaps the most informative text written on slavery. This text will be a stone in the groundwork of the movement for freedom. Slavery is looked at so generally by people of this time, while they have very little knowledge of the truths behind slavery. Many think of slavery as white people owning black people and forcing them to work using physical punishment to enforce their authority. Although this did occur, slavery was much more complicated. There were a lot more complications and issues involved during the time of slavery. Frederick Douglass' autobiography shined a new view of what slavery was about as well as all that took place, documenting adultery committed by male slave owners with female slaves and the consequences of that, the education of slaves and the relationships between slaves and slave owners.English: Portrait of Frederick Douglass as a young...Dougla ss uses his narrative in order to argue the cultural norm of the thoughts of white people, who think of slaves as merely working dogs. They are not considered as humans who have spiritual, mental and intellectual feelings, as they have every human rights taken away and thought of as property to serve the white men. Douglass debits such views of the harsh cultural and societal views on slavery.The issue of slavery has been touched upon often in the course of history. Not often do we get to learn about the inner struggles of a slave spiritually and intellectually. Through Frederick Douglass and his narrative, we can see into slavery from a physical state as well as from a mental state. Frederick Douglass' narrative of his life is an account of his experiences both during and following his life as a slave. It focuses on an area...

Embrasser (to Embrace) French Verb Conjugations

Embrasser (to Embrace) French Verb Conjugations The French verb  embrasser  means to embrace or to kiss. Its resemblance to English makes it an easy one to remember and its an essential part of your French love vocabulary. When you want to say embraced or kissing, a verb conjugation is required. A quick French lesson will show you how thats done. Conjugating the French Verb  Embrasser Embrasser  is a  regular -ER verb  and it follows a very common verb conjugation pattern. The infinitive endings are just like those for similar verbs such as  admirer  (to admire),  adorer  (to adore), and countless others. This makes learning each new verb just a little easier than the last. When conjugating, we must first recognize the verb stem. In the case of  embrasser, that is  embrass-. To this, the various endings are added to match the present, future, or imperfect past tense. Yet, in French, we must also take into account the subject pronoun. For instance, I embrace is jembrasse and we will kiss is nous emrasserons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' embrasse embrasserai embrassais tu embrasses embrasseras embrassais il embrasse embrassera embrassait nous embrassons embrasserons embrassions vous embrassez embrasserez embrassiez ils embrassent embrasseront embrassaient The Present Participle of Embrasser The  present participle  of  embrasser  is formed by adding -ant  to the verb stem to give us  embrassant.  This is rather useful as it is not only a verb, but can act as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © A  common way to express the past tense in French is the  passà © composà ©. To construct it, you must conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to fit the subject pronoun, then attach the  past participle  embrassà ©. For example, I embraced is jai embrassà © and we kissed is nous avons embrassà ©. Notice how the past participle remains the same and that  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir. More Simple Embrasser  Conjugations Among the simplest conjugations of  embrasser, French students should focus on the present, future, and past tenses at first. When youre ready, add these verb forms to your vocabulary as well. When the verbs action has some degree of uncertainty or dependency, use either the subjunctive or the conditional verb mood. In writing, the passà © simple or imperfect subjunctive may be used. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' embrasse embrasserais embrassai embrassasse tu embrasses embrasserais embrassas embrassasses il embrasse embrasserait embrassa embrassà ¢t nous embrassions embrasserions embrassà ¢mes embrassassions vous embrassiez embrasseriez embrassà ¢tes embrassassiez ils embrassent embrasseraient embrassà ¨rent embrassassent ​To express  embrasser  in a direct command or request, the imperative verb form is used. In this case, the subject pronoun is not required. Keep it short and sweet with embrasse rather than tu embrasse. Imperative (tu) embrasse (nous) embrassons (vous) embrassez

How changes in the world economy since 1945 have affected room for Essay

How changes in the world economy since 1945 have affected room for maneuver of multinational firms - Essay Example Over several centuries, trade has always flowed across states, borders, and civilizations thus joining economic fortunes and acting as a channel for social practices, technologies, and ideas. International trade began to flourish at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The trade grew geographically between nations that were industrialized and in the imperial patronage, it grew between the underdeveloped peripheries and the urban centers. During the century, the average export to GDP ratio for developed economies rose to about 11% and for individual trading countries particularly in Europe, higher ratios were recorded (Gruber, 2007). This however did not last for a long time as the First World War coupled with depression of inter-war brought international trade to a halt, introduced imperial trading blocks, and increased trade tariffs substantially and other restrictions on import. Since 1945 however, there emerged far-reaching trading systems. Most countries began to trade with a large number of other countries. Regional trading became supportive of and complementary to more widespread multinational link. Even though the majority of trade took place between OECD nations, things began take a different route pretty first. These changes in the world economy since 1945 affected room for  maneuver of multinational firms. Such changes included: The Latin American and Eastern Asia industrializing economies began taking a substantial share of world trade; the liberalization in India, China as well as other developing countries, which made these countries more than ever set to intensify their trading ties beyond borders. Another change was the growing communication and transportation infrastructure, which reduced uncertainties and costs of trade according to Karlsson & Honig (2009). This growth in transportation and communication reduced significantly the investment required by multinational firms to venture in foreign economies. The crumbling of communism after 1 945 also brought very many nations into the international trading system. The formation of GATT and later WTO created a legal infrastructure, which was more accommodating than other previous systems before 1945 and the tariffs were also substantially decreased. Discussion The improvement in communication and transportation boosted the process of internationalization process of firms. Before 1945, communication infrastructure was still very poor. In 1956, the most noteworthy improvement in communication came to pass when for the first time the American telegram as well as telephone opened a telephone cable that was transatlantic by means of microwaves amplification technology. Following this advancement, multinational corporations for instance Ford began utilizing this new communication network to exchange information as well as manage operations based in other countries from their headquarters in the United States. According to Gruber (2007), though telephone cable tremendously enha nced enterprise communication after 1945 especially in urban areas, a huge portion of the world never utilized that opportunity optimally. Nevertheless, the introduction of satellite communications in the early 1980s started a new chapter in the world of multinational firms as it ended isolation and made the world a global village, multinational firms could now operate from almost anywhere in the world as communication made everything quite simple for them. The collapse of communism and the emergence of capitalism after 1945 saw many other nations accepting the American style globalization. The fall of communism gave the Anglo-American powers an opportunity to institute the system of the United Nations and establish the institutions of international economics such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). Financial collaboration was also introduced and this was a great opportunity for the multinational fir

What constitutes coercion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What constitutes coercion - Essay Example The basic intentions of coercion are to compel to an act or choice, which may involve the use of force or fraud to achieve desired results. There are concerns towards the legality of coercion during interrogation as a means of obtaining crucial information. These are related to gross violation of the basic human rights, and disregard of moral and ethical concerns. Information obtained through brutal, coercive means during interrogation may not always considered to be useful as the subject is under strain and can say as desired to prevent more harm. Law enforcement agencies provide guidelines on permissible interrogation techniques to their agents in a bid to avoid violation of suspect’s rights, which would in turn compromise the integrity of information gathered. Ethics on Coercion: Coercion violates the ethics of human behaviour and self will in almost every possible way. This occurs by offering incentives to an individual who is unwilling to conduct so as a given party or authority desires. As a result, coercion becomes an unethical activity following the force employed to make the unwilling party participate. In the offering of incentives to the unwilling parties in order to secure compliance or participation, this translates to corruption of character and morals, which goes against social mores and norms. As a result, the society as a whole is denied its representation on a level that is recognized by law or one that stands with credibility. In addition to credibility, coercion violates social and personal ethics through the alterations that can be done to individual behaviours and information that one gives. This is particularly so in legal cases where information that is retrieved from an individual through coercion may be misleading to the delivery of justice. This makes coercion a violation of the law due to the interference it directs at the due course of justice, and the denial of rights. Constitutionally, coercion in the provision of information crucial for any purpose is a repugnant practice. This is following the earlier mentioned distortion of information due to the use of threats that target the wellbeing of the individual in question. However, the use of force to extract information from other parties may also have a positive side to it despite all the moral red flags raised. This is in relation to forcing information that is crucial for the greater good of the society rather than the wellbeing of the individual in question. In this case, incentives may be offered to the party in question to ensure cooperation as is the case in issues involving tax evasion. In such cases, parties involved are coerced to implicate one another in order to arrive at the truth, making coercion a strategy in attaining justice . Coercion is a term that is used in relation to the application of force in getting unwilling parties to engage in involuntary behaviour. In this regard, the use of excessive force to extract information becomes a legal issue due to the implication of torture, or the likelihood of torture occurring. Torture occurs when the wellbeing of the party in question is ignored, and the individual is subjected to harm. This is seen in cases where police officers threaten uncooperative suspects in order to secure compliance with their duties as police officers. These include the drawing of firearms or even hitting and tasering the suspects in an attempt to apprehend them. In such cases, coercion is deemed to be legal or ethical, although there is a standard to it. In case the above is not done within the confines of the law or violates, in any way, the

Upper Paleolithic Cave Site of Lascaux Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Upper Paleolithic Cave Site of Lascaux - Essay Example Cattle and bison can be seen, including birds, felines, bear, human beings and rhinos. It is a bit surprising that the cave lacks drawings of reindeers regardless of the fact that it formed part of their main sources of food. Ultimately, geometrical illustrations were also evident in the walls. Illustrative skills of the AMHS The cave entirely shows an out of the ordinary piece of art and skills of the AMHS, who created them. In particular, a painting known as The Crossed Bison, inscribed in the Nave panel is a significant result of skilled Paleolithic cave painters. This piece of art introduces a wonderfully painted bison where its hind legs present a false impression that one bison is nearer to the viewer than the other one (Lascaux, n.d.). This creates a remarkable and illustrative depth that expresses a prehistoric aspect that was distinctively way ahead of the period. This extent of dexterity is also apparent in the Great Hall of the Bulls where some bulls appear moving to a viewer. Functions of the paintings The paintings symbolized many functions where many believe that they represented beauty, hunting techniques or magical power. This is supported by some of the rooms or wall panels being profoundly adorned with paintings than others. This shows that some isolated quotas were used for highly sacred activities than others, such as the Apse (Abside). This is typical of sacred premises.

Professional Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Professional Portfolio - Essay Example Mission Statement To carry out my leadership role with integrity and honesty, showing dignity and respect for others as well as myself, and to consider all constituents involved in decision-making processes. Leader Philosophy Establish a personal leadership philosophy that motivates oneself to achieve one's best when leading others. Develop a flexible leadership style that incorporates a range of leadership models that can be tailored to the situation at hand, and that complement and reinforce one's leadership strengths. Effective leadership champions the five principles of: modeling the way, inspiring a shared vision, challenging the process, enabling others to act, and encouraging the heart. Demonstrate an unwavering commitment to a clear set of values; transparency is an essential quality of an effective leader, and so one must be ready to logically justify the choices made and the actions taken. Promote one's willingness to make a positive difference in the world. Envision the successes to be achieved, and keep this goal at the foremost of one's consciousness, cultivating one's inner voice to motivate and maintain one's momentum towards the vision. Delegate effectively, by way of selecting and matching staff to the tasks that best suit their ability to achieve. Provide praise as a creative method to motivate the best performance from staff. Effectively and efficiently monitor the progress of implemented plans, in regards to adherence to objectives, evaluation of outcomes and the level of work satisfaction among staff. Support of equality and freedom and the development of social evolution, by way of encouraging staff to enjoy their work tasks, and in supporting their personal, emotional and relational development. Cultivate a...Each piece was chosen to reflect a step in my journey through my degree, and my commitment to continued professional development as a leader in my occupational and personal roles. Demonstrate an unwavering commitment to a clear set of values; transparency is an essential quality of an effective leader, and so one must be ready to logically justify the choices made and the actions taken. Aggressive results-driven professional with a proven track record of successful sales, marketing, and management experience in all areas of sales, sales management, marketing, and territory and new business development. Ability to conceptualize new opportunities, embrace change, and proactively meet challenges in a competitive and changing marketplace. High energy, idea generator, and forward thinking focused team player who is able to work independently. Confident business solutions decision maker. Ability to handle multitude of challenges simultaneously. Key strengths include: 2003 Inductee - Mars Incorporated Tie Club for long and distinguished service to Mars, Inc., personifying the Five Principles of Mars, and exemplifying the essence of good corporate and community citizenship Provides the strategic and operational leadership to the field sales organization, responsible for overall resource and budgetary management; to ensure profitable business growth via the achievement of specific gross sales volume, market share, brand, pack and profi

The Pocatello Prison Siting Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Pocatello Prison Siting Story - Essay Example There are certain challenges attached to building a new prison. While there are economic issues to consider, there are political complications that also may cause hindrance in selecting an area as a potential site for a prison. One major problem that has taken severe shape in the United States is overcrowding in state’s prisons. That excessive number of prisoners incarcerated every year is reflected in the fact that although America consists of only 5 percent of the global population, the country’s total number of prisoners is about 25 percent of prisoners around the world (The Challenges of â€Å"realignment†, 2012). This results in huge demand for building more prisons which leads to greedy bargaining of prison-guards union. Therefore, it is not surprising that state prisons have been exerting an enormous pressure on the state budget. Moreover, growing number of prisons in rural areas or small towns has also become a matter of humanitarian concern. Since most prisons in the United States are overcrowded, heath issues have taken a serious form. However, misery of the prisoners is always a subtle issue for the mainstream population in America as majority of state prisons is situated in remote locations from cities, often in deserts area inland which are dusty. Even till a few years back, one acute problem occurred in the manner that double the number of prisoners were housed in a prison than is actually permitted, especially in the city of California. To deal with this crisis, in 2011 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that prisons should hold only that number of prisoners which will allow to sufficiently maintain humane conditions (The Challenges of â€Å"realignment†, 2012). The case study of the siting of the Pocatello Prison is one example that reflects the many ramifications (both political and rational) that arose from the decision of building a new women’s prison by the state of Idaho. For many

Professional Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Professional Portfolio - Essay Example Mission Statement To carry out my leadership role with integrity and honesty, showing dignity and respect for others as well as myself, and to consider all constituents involved in decision-making processes. Leader Philosophy Establish a personal leadership philosophy that motivates oneself to achieve one's best when leading others. Develop a flexible leadership style that incorporates a range of leadership models that can be tailored to the situation at hand, and that complement and reinforce one's leadership strengths. Effective leadership champions the five principles of: modeling the way, inspiring a shared vision, challenging the process, enabling others to act, and encouraging the heart. Demonstrate an unwavering commitment to a clear set of values; transparency is an essential quality of an effective leader, and so one must be ready to logically justify the choices made and the actions taken. Promote one's willingness to make a positive difference in the world. Envision the successes to be achieved, and keep this goal at the foremost of one's consciousness, cultivating one's inner voice to motivate and maintain one's momentum towards the vision. Delegate effectively, by way of selecting and matching staff to the tasks that best suit their ability to achieve. Provide praise as a creative method to motivate the best performance from staff. Effectively and efficiently monitor the progress of implemented plans, in regards to adherence to objectives, evaluation of outcomes and the level of work satisfaction among staff. Support of equality and freedom and the development of social evolution, by way of encouraging staff to enjoy their work tasks, and in supporting their personal, emotional and relational development. Cultivate a...Each piece was chosen to reflect a step in my journey through my degree, and my commitment to continued professional development as a leader in my occupational and personal roles. Demonstrate an unwavering commitment to a clear set of values; transparency is an essential quality of an effective leader, and so one must be ready to logically justify the choices made and the actions taken. Aggressive results-driven professional with a proven track record of successful sales, marketing, and management experience in all areas of sales, sales management, marketing, and territory and new business development. Ability to conceptualize new opportunities, embrace change, and proactively meet challenges in a competitive and changing marketplace. High energy, idea generator, and forward thinking focused team player who is able to work independently. Confident business solutions decision maker. Ability to handle multitude of challenges simultaneously. Key strengths include: 2003 Inductee - Mars Incorporated Tie Club for long and distinguished service to Mars, Inc., personifying the Five Principles of Mars, and exemplifying the essence of good corporate and community citizenship Provides the strategic and operational leadership to the field sales organization, responsible for overall resource and budgetary management; to ensure profitable business growth via the achievement of specific gross sales volume, market share, brand, pack and profi

Yardley Of London Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Yardley Of London - Case Study Example In the past decades so many Organisations laid foundation stone and provided different products and services, none of them is remembered unchanged from the time of initiation, so the change in an Organisation is a mandatory for keeping the products or services in the growth stage.The organisation we would be discussing is a very well known in not only Britain but also the entire world. Yardley of London is among the most popular companies in Britain.Yardley was first brought into business in 1620, in the reign of the impecunious Charles I, when a young man of that name paid the monarch a large, and no doubt welcome, sum of money to gain a concession to manufacture soap for the whole of London. Sadly, the particulars of this canny enterprise were lost in the great fire of London in 1666, except for one detail: Mr. Yardley used English lavender to perfume his soap a fragrance for which Yardley is famous to this day. William Cleaver inherited the soap and perfumery business founded by h is father in the city of London in 1770. When he run into debts his father in law, William Yardley, took over the business becoming the first Yardley to own the enterprise. Here the story of a world-renowned company that has brought beauty to so many women and good grooming to so many men began. In 1817 William Yardley was trading still as a sword-cutler in Bloomsbury, but by 1824, when he died, he had transferred to adjacent premises the second business of supplying lavender, cosmetics and soap. This business was left to his younger son, Charles (1795-1882), for the elder son, John, was already established as a builder. He it was who built St. James's Church in Clerkenwell, and whose name is perpetuated in Yardley Street off Rosebery Avenue London. Charles Yardley soon appointed a partner and established his own son Charles (1824-1872), in the business, which was known as Yardley and Statham. It was under this name that the firm exhibited at the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park in 185 1, expending some fifty pounds on showcases, soap moulds and other items and sharing a little of the glory of the incredible 'Crystal Palace'. A sample cake of Old Brown Windsor Soap, carrying an embossed representation of Windsor Castle is still preserved in the Yardley archives and was exhibited again at the 1951 Festival of Britain. The business was blooming and the first overseas selling organisations were open. Advertising increased and with it the demand for Yardley products. By 1910 a London centre at 8 New Bond Street, famous for years afterwards, had been opened for the display and retail sales of a firm which, only ten years before, had been virtually unknown to the general public. 1920 saw Yardley converted into a public limited company, with 1921 bringing the first foray into the lucrative US market. By 1932 the spirit duty on lavender was removed, turnover doubled and the factory needed extending. Further accommodation was found at 32 High Street Stratford. From 1950s o nwards, Yardley further enhanced its worldwide reputation by expanding into five different market sectors: cosmetics, luxury bath products, female fragrances, male fragrances and skin care. These were the years where the beloved classics of White Satin, Lace and English Blazer were launched, and the Yardley lipsticks were advertised as an essential 'woman's ammunition'. Yardley London enters the new millennium as world leaders in naturally fragranced bath luxuries, remaining true to its heritage as the quintessential English perfumery house specialising in lavender and floral fragrances. From sedan chairs to the Concorde; from messengers to communication

A Wallet Full of Money and a Life Full of Nothing Essay Example for Free

A Wallet Full of Money and a Life Full of Nothing Essay In â€Å"Citizen Kane†, Orson Welles shows the viewer how an adult’s life can be tormented by their divested childhood. In his movie, Welles portrays Kane to be a man with the world in his hands yet he possesses nothing of sentimental value. Not being able to appreciate the people who surround him the way that they appreciate him, Kane turns to money and power to fulfill the love and affection he didn’t receive as a child. Welles portrays Kane’s robbed childhood, his vanity, and his hunger for power as the cause to Kane’s failed relationships and his lonely death. Shortly after the beginning of the movie, Welles uses symbolism to expose how Kane’s childhood innocence and purity had been taken from him at an early age. In this scene, Kane is out playing in the pure and white snow, which can be interpreted as Kane enjoying his innocent years in the essence of purity that comes with childhood. When his parents, along with Thatcher, go outside to inform him about his trip, Kane uses his sled as a defensive tool against Thatcher. This can be a reflection on why Kane never accepted Thatcher’s attempts at discipline and guidelines. Kane saw Thatcher as the person who deprived him of his childhood and took him away from his most prized possession, which was Rosebud, his sled. Towards the end of the scene, the sled is left out in the snow for years as the snow begins to pile up on it; this could be seen as a metaphorical correlation to Kane leaving his innocence and the purity of his childhood to become a man with a polluted soul who is ruled by money and power. As Kane grows up to become a man of wealth and power, many of his personality issues can be traced back to his childhood upbringing. The viewers are given an insight to the controlling and manipulative person Kane is when they come across the scene where Kane walks into the Inquirer and tells the editor-in-chief that he is literally going to live in his office. Because he couldn’t control his unsatisfactory childhood upbringing, Kane grew up to be an awfully controlling man. His controlling personality then led him to publish subjects that would on ly bring him attention. As a child who was taken away from his parents at only eight years old, he wanted all  the attention possible, hence the deceptive subjects he would publish. Kane’s childhood lacked the essentials of parental love and attention, which later transformed him into an egocentric, power-hungry monster. Possessing both money and power, Kane became obsessed with himself; the more power he obtained, the more he felt in need of it. At the age of twenty-five, Kane buys the New York Inquirer without even the slightest clue on how to run a newspaper business. One can thus determine that Kane would use his money to help him gain a voice. Kane never cared about his money, or the spending of, because he had plenty of it. What Kane really wanted was to affect the people. His original plan, when taking over the Inquirer, was to help and become the voice of the poor and underprivileged, but he quickly forgot about his promises, as he continually grew more and more corrupt by printing stories that would only get him attention. His hunger for power became bigger than him when he ran for Governor of New York and would print insulting cartoons of his opponent. Kane started out with a plan that would affect the people in a positive way but consequently became a highly unlikeable man who would only t hink about the power his money could bring to him. Not only was Kane a man who wished for more power but also he was a man who was also ruled by vanity. Throughout the movie, Welles interprets Kane’s vanity by showing the viewer how Kane would use his controlling personality to make sure all his surroundings were nothing but perfect. A good example of this is when Leland writes a newspaper article about Susan’s mediocre singing skills and Kane reads it. After he reads Leland’s notice, he is determined to make Susan a better singer so he forces her to train and perform in numerous cities. Because of his vanity, Kane is concerned with the public’s opinion of his wife. He does not want to be known as the man who married a singer with amateur singing skills. Welles also does a magnificent job in portraying Kane’s vanity in the scene where Susan leaves him and all Kane is truly worried about is all the guests in Xanadu who might witness her departure. How he appears to the public is much more important to him than the fact that his own wife is leaving him. As a man who was drunk on his own power and rule d by his vanity, Kane failed to see how much he would hurt the people who were closest to him, especially his second wife, Susan. Ever since he met her, the first sign of his complicated personality was shown when he demanded her to sing for him. In that scene,  the viewer could foresee the kind of controlling and demanding spouse Kane would be. Throughout their relationship, one could notice how he would treat Susan more as an object than his wife. By forcing her to perform and become a better singer, he was treating her as one of his statues. His statues were beautifully sculpted and that is what he wanted Susan to be. A beautiful woman who lacked a beautiful voice was not an option for the wife of Charles Foster Kane. As Susan grew tired of Kane being absent most of the time and being forced to live in their home as one of his many statues, she decided to leave him. Kane always treated people as if they were his property and Susan was no exception. When she informed Kane of her intention to abandon him, he said to her, â€Å"you can’t leave me† which goes to show how he thought of Susan as one of his statues. Kane’s statues would literally and physically never leave him, which is why he was shocked by Susan’s decision. When she does leave and Kane can’t do anything about it, he becomes f ull of anger and destroys Susan’s room. For a man who was just left by his wife, his anger towards her is also a big sign to the viewer that Kane only saw her as his property. Because of so many failed relationships throughout his life, a man of endless wealth and power ends up in his deathbed alone with no one to care for him. Throughout the movie, as Thompson goes on a search to figure out the meaning behind Kane’s last words before his death, the viewer is exposed to the many reasons why Kane died a lonely man. His relationship with Thatcher never developed further because Kane always saw him as the person who robbed him from sharing his childhood years with his family. The friendship he had with his closest friend ended when he fired him because of a simple statement that offended his vanity. The relationship with his first wife not only ended because of his infidelity but also because of his need for more power. Kane would spend more time at the Inquirer than with Emily, which made the relationship bound to terminate. Last but not least, his relationship with Emily was a complete failure because he saw her as an object as opposed to his wife. Every person who would get emotionally close to Kane would eventually end up leaving him. As a result of his big ego, Kane never managed to develop relatio nships with those who surrounded him therefore, the only company he had while lying in his deathbed was a snow globe and his childhood memories. As one can conclude, because of his miserable childhood, Kane grew up to lead a life  full of luxury and riches but he lacked the true meaning of life- to live. Money only bought him objects and power but never bought him true love of any kind. His last words were in reference to an object that he owned as a child and that goes to show that his only happy memories were back when he lacked the fortune he now had. Kane’s robbed childhood, vanity, and his hunger for power were the reasons why Kane lived such a lonely and unfulfilled life up until the day he died.

Comparison Between Two Methodologies By Using Nimsad Information Technology Essay

Comparison Between Two Methodologies By Using Nimsad Information Technology Essay The main objective of this assignment is to do comparison between two various methodologies such as SSADM Structured Systems Analysis and Development Methodology and ETHICS Effective Technical and Human Implementation of Computer-based Work Systems by using NIMSAD framework. Both methodologies have shown their own concept of identifying problem situation and finding solution to fix the problems. Avison and Fitzgerald (1995) show the definition of information system development methodology as a collection of procedures, techniques, tools, and documentation assistance which will help the system developers in their efforts to implement a new information system and they also mentioned the methodology with the above collections. There are two principles for comparing methodologies: The first one is Academic reason, this is for understanding the diagnosis of the methodology. The Second one is Practical reason; this is to select a methodology, group or part of the methodology for a particular application and. There are lots of methodologies exists. There may be many comparisons can determine and define the methodology (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). So, we must know the basic rules of the two methodologies before start doing comparison. The comparison and views of the methodologies will be shown below. SSDAM (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method) Structured System Analysis and Design method is a framework that adopts Structure approach to the analysis and design of the information systems alike previous structured methods such as Yourdon in 1976,DeMarco in 1979 . It is sequential development process called as waterfall method. It was produced for Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA) and also the UK government now known as Office of Government Commerce (OGC). In 1981 UK government was taken this method as a compulsory for all projects but since then the other countries and some private organization used it greatly (Ashworth et al, 1995).SSADM supports the developers and project managers in understanding four questions they are What is to be done, When it is to be done, How it is to be done, Where the resultant inform is to be documented (Bentley et al, 1995).Some history of this methodology since 1980, Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency determines the analysis and design methods. In the year of 1981 Learmonth Burchett Management Systems (LBMS) method has chosen from shortlist of five. In the year of 1983 SSADM made mandatory for all new information system developments. Version 2 of SSADM was released in 1984. Version 3 of SSADM was released and that was adapted by NCC in 1986. After 1988, SSADM certificate of Proficiency launched, SSADM promoted as open standard. Version 4 of SSADM has released in 1990. (Websites: http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/~steve/1/tsld005.htm). This is a wide methodology and also flexible to apply at any kind of problem situation. It divides the works or projects into distinct units (Downs et al, 1992).SSADM is a basic assumption that systems have an underlying, generic, data structure which changes very little over time (Ashworth et al,1990). The SSADM version 4 has formed five important frames such as, Feasibility Study (FS), Requirements Analysis (RA), Requirements Specification (RS), Logical System Specification (LS) and Physical Design (PD). This five-module framework has seven stages and each stage has explained exactly with their own strategy, controls, and activity, this helps the main purpose of the project management technique (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995; Downs et al, 1992). Diagram: The Feasibility Study (FS) is first module of the methodology; it holds the position of stage 0, this phase has four steps: First one is prepare for study to know measurement of evaluation of the project; then define the problem by using comparison between requirements with current position; selection of Feasibility from among others; the final one is to submit a report of the Feasibility. Data flow diagram and flow documents are used in this technique (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). Requirement Analysis (RA) is one of the most important stages of SSADM. This involved with describing the requirements of information systems. This is a fundamental level for business purpose. It has two stages; a major aim of the first stage is to make understand fully about the system for analysts. Analyst should investigate the feasibility of the project if before stage was not done and also the problem situation should be described by using data models and data flow models; Interviewing to the employees and users also included in this stage. The second one is Business System option; during this stage the analysts would determine such business system options by group actions for their customers. The previous stage has named that, a business system option is a potential solution to the system requirements. This includes boundaries of the solution and inputs and outputs. Requirement Specification (RS) is a single stage and it makes over the description of the current environment and business system option which was made by Requirements Analysis. Clients of this system would select business option at the end of RA. During this stage analysts should combine the investigation of all the stages results from 1 to 3 by keep the business option, to develop a specification of the system. It also describes actual function of the system. Entity-event modelling and rational data analysis are the techniques used in this stage. During the stage 3, various models of the system are being developed such as, Data Flow Model (DFM) and Logical Data Model (LDM).This stage brings details the DFM and LDM. The function definition has unites into one for specification process design at this stage. The next module, Logical System Specification (LS) has two stages in it. Such as stage 4 and stage 5, Technical System Option considered as stage 4 and Logical design as stage 5. Technical System Option is the final stage for analysis phase and conversion to the literal system design. Many execution chances are suggested to select nearly suitable solution similar to stage 2. This technical system options are measured by financial cost and performance of the system and limitations etc. After the stage 4, Logical Design took place as a stage 5, the works and investigation has been done as same like before stage. The main execution of Logical Design is about human factor. It defines dialogue and updates enquiries in non-procedural manner, which is independent of any implementation strategy. Physical Design (PD) is the final module of this system. It is the best choice of possible technical and logical solution, the designer combines the result of the previous stages to build the final aim of the system. This is stage 6 and outcomes in PD for the data and processes (Ashworth et al, 1990, Bentley et al, 1995, Downs et al, 1992). The above essay tells that, SSADM has a well-defined structure and easy to understand by everyone. Many of the UK University has taken this information system in comprehensively and completely. These models and diagrams are giving complete definitions for the final users and developers to understand (Ashworth et al, 1990, Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). ETHICS (Effective Technique and Human Implementation of Computer-based Systems) Ethics methodology came up out of work started by Enid Mumford at Manchester Business School in 1969. Since then, it has been used in industries and the health services. Much experience gained from these usages (Mumford, 1997). Ethics is acronym, but this approach is to represent the ethical position. This is the information system development, which strongly supports the human participation (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). This methodology is well-known for its importance and interest in the human side of systems design (Jayaratna, 1994). It includes the socio-technical view for the system to be effective and this technology should be applicable for social and organisational factors. It also means that a valuable quality of working life and increased job satisfaction of the users is one of the major objective of this system design process. Mumford determines the essential quality of socio-technical approach as one which recognizes the interaction of technology and people and produces the work systems which are both technically efficient and have social characteristics which lead to high job satisfaction; and job satisfaction as the attainment of a good fit between what the employee is seeking from his work-and his job needs, expectations and aspirations-and what he is required to do in his job-the organisational job requirements which mould his experience(Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995). To determine the concept of fit is used to describe the job satisfaction in five fields: Firstly, knowledge fit as a good fit lives when employees should accept that their skills are being adequately utilized and their knowledge being improved to make them efficiently; Physical fit is the second area that means; job must suitable for the employee status, encouragement of the progress and work interest; thirdly efficiency fit, it composed of the effort-reward bargain, work controls and supervisory controls; fourthly the task structured fit, that measures the level to the employees task are considered as being fulfilling and demanding; and the final area is ethical fit, this is also represents social value fit and determines whether the employer organisation be compatible with values of employee(Avison and Fitzgerald 1995). Ethics is a methodology that based on human participation and socio technical character. The Ethics design group consist of users, managers and technical experts. The objective of this methodology helps the design group in the way of identifying and formulating the problem, and also it will set objectives and develop alternatives, and allow other actions like implementing and evaluating new system. It aims to construct the computer based system that provides job satisfaction and achieve the efficiency needs of the organisation (Jayaratna, 1994). During this development, the importance placed on both the human and social and the technical views of the system. Users formulate social alternatives to improve job satisfaction, and experts formulate technical alternatives to improve business efficiency. The above aspects are emphasis to identify the best socio-technical fit under the common cost, resource and other environment constraints (Wong, 2001). Here, the ETHICS steps are executed by the design group: Why change? By enquiring about the problem situation of the current system, design group try to get objective through regular meetings and some discussions to answer the question: why do we need to change. This step gives clear reasons about why the changing system needed (Mumford, 1993). System Boundaries. The design team tries to identify the boundaries of the system and also how it is interfaces with other system. Description of Existing System. This step aims to educate the design group to know how the existing system works. Everyone in this group has more comprehensible of previous system before moving to the new system. 4, 5 and 6 Definition of the key objectives, tasks and information needs. Identify the key objectives for the design groups; the task required to achieve these objectives and information is needed to carry out the tasks. 7. Diagnosis of Efficiency Needs. The design group tries to identify the weak link in the system and that is to be documented. These are main reason for errors. Everyone outside the team help to identify the efficiency need. This could be the opportunity for the team to get involved in the development process. 8. Diagnosis of Job Satisfaction Needs. This is achieved by the standard questionnaire given in the ETHICS methodology. As we know earlier ETHICS is a human-cantered method for others to gain the job satisfaction. The design team tries to identify people needs and also ways to increase satisfaction by using ETHICS questionnaire. This questionnaire covers knowledge fit, physical fit, efficiency fit, task structured fit and ethical fit. 9. Future Analysis The new system need to be designed in the way that apart from just being better from previous system, it should also be able to cope with future changes that may occur in the technological, business and organisation or fashion. 10. Specifying and weighting Efficiency and Job Satisfaction Needs and Objectives Mumford identifies that this is the key step for the whole methodology. Objectives are set according to the diagnosis results of the three previous steps. It can be very difficult task and must involve everyone in the organisation. 11. Organizational Design of the New System. This is the logical and conceptual design of the new system. It should be performed in parallel with next step. The output of this step is detailed about the organizational changes which are needed for the job efficiency and satisfaction objectives. 12. Technical Options. The physical design has been taken by this step for new system. There are some various technical systems like hardware, software and GUI would be investigated and evaluated. By end of this step, most suitable one helps to achieve target of the project and job satisfaction. 13. Preparation of Detailed Design Work. In this step the selected system is designed in detail. The previous documentation is recorded and groups are defined, tasks, responsibilities are allocated and finally relationships are created. 14. Implementation. This is the important step of the development project. The design group now applies the success implementation of design. This connects closely to planning the implementation process in detail. 15. Evaluation. After the successful implementation, the system is assured it is meeting its main objectives, particularly in relation to efficiency and job satisfaction (Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995, Mumford, 1993). Mumford recognizes that implementing this methodology is not an easy one; also she is making the addition point that participative may not work at the powerful situations where the objectives of the system have as a part of the reduction of cost and redundancies. Aylors and Myers suggest that participation may be achieved will be dependent on culture and politics of the organisation more than individuals (Avison and Taylor, 1995). However, many organizations are trying to establish the participation approach in flexible and more useful manner. The comparison between two methodologies (SSADM ETHICS): As we said in the introduction before, we will do comparison between two methodologies mentioned above by using NIMSAD (Normative Information Model-Based System Analysis and Design) framework. These methodologies are compared in detail by using the different steps. This framework consists of three steps and one of the steps contains eight stages fewer than three phases and all the stages steps are correctly evaluated. The steps and stages of the framework will be explained below, The Problem Situation (the methodology context). The Intended Problem Solver (the methodology user). The Problem Solving Process (the methodology). Phase 1- Problem Formation: Stage 1- Understanding the situation of concern. Stage 2- Performing the diagnosis. Stage 3- Defining the prognosis outline. Stage 4- Defining Problem Stage 5- Deriving notional systems. Phase 2- Solution Design: Stage 6- Performing the conceptual/logical design. Stage 7- Performing the physical design. Phase 3- Design Implementation Stage 8- Implementation of design. Evaluation. Problem Situation: This framework will be involved with clients and defines different between the action world and thinking world. This step explains that the problem situation lives in only on action world but the problem solving situation will be in both world. A diagrammatic model cannot catch the elements of an organisation, but they could be used to clarify the concepts and components. This clearly tells that the problem solvers own knowledge and skills will not help to understand the problem situation unless he/she know the organisational language (Jayaratna). In Ethics, the problem situation of the existing system is clearly analysed through the regular meetings and proper discussion. This step could be a main cause for the system change plan. The boundaries of the system have been identified by the design group and also they try to determine how boundaries are connected and communicated with other system (Mumford, 1993).When compare to Ethics, SSADM investigate and study about the problem situation and they will confirm the position from user. These results are explained by the data flow diagram Diagram of problem solving situation: Intended Problem Solver: The intended problem solver is who originate within the organisation or outside of it. We have begun to discuss about the agreement of role and the act of forming relationship to be effective. The NIMSAD framework explains that the intended problem solver adds the single man component to the process and their Mental Construct is used. In Ethics, after the analysis process, this step shows that the design group is been educated about the problem which will make them clear view of the existing problem situation. The main aim of the problem solver is to achieve the job satisfaction and efficiency needs. But in SSADM, the problem solver is fully trained and skilled. They will not get any advice like Ethics and have to understand the problem and find the solution of their own. Diagram for the intended problem solver: Problem Solving Process: NIMSAD defines three important phases and eight detailed stages in this step and can be applicable for any problem solving process. This framework cannot be assumed and this should be achieved at the right time. This methodology could be structured process to alter transformation from current situation to the desired situation. Phase 1.Problem Formulation: Stage1.Understanding the Situation of concern: Understanding the problem is fully based on each one of our mental construct. This stage will build boundaries to determine the field of interest and clear communication of boundaries to avoid danger and this focused on investigation and establish concerned situation. In Ethics as mentioned above, the problem situation is identified. After that the boundaries are set accordingly for evaluating the problem. Then the designer will start gathering the points to solve a problem. In SSADM, the problem is been assumed as a data flow diagram and this will be used to solve the problems. So they will start making points to evaluate the problems. Stage2.Perfoming the Diagnosis: Diagnosis is clearly communicated expression of understanding and that is gained from investigating the problem situation. This is a static expression and also identified by the tool for problem solver or prescribed by the methodology. Mental construct and situation concern are the dynamic process of the expression. Action World cannot be represented by only in diagrammatic way but, it can be a certain priority for the problem solver. In Ethics, diagnosis is to identify the weak link which creates errors and make a document of them for future use. The weak links are the reasons for errors in the system. Everyone from outside can help to determine the efficiency needs. This will be an opportunity for them to get involve. Ethics is human-centered method and its aims to get job satisfaction from each of the employers. A new system should be developed or designed for to cope with the future changes. Diagnosis is a big opportunity for the whole management to get involve for the result (Mumford, 1993). In SSADM, the developers have not been advised or educated to cope the problem situation. The designers should know what the system actually need and they should study and decide about problem. The designers will keep the current records and previous documents Stage3. Defining the prognosis outline: Prognosis pointed a diagrammatically by various outline shape and also it is a desired situation. The prognosis outline compares the current situation with desired situation for to identify the problem. This stays only in outline rather than elaborated. It is presented in few methodologies because, this is an intellectual and political skills. Ethics problem situation has been done in various outlines, and the designers will get feedback from others or inside of the organisation to handle the situation as much as possible. In SSADM, problem elements of the existing system could be chosen by the user among some options like business. Analyst should design the system requirements for how the users exactly want. Stage4.Defining Problem: After clarifying the before stages rationale, the problem solver can look at the system prevention from moving from current to desired state. It will try to find the explanation of problem statements. This process defines that the problem looks at the mapping of two comprehended states. Jayaratna defined that this process is critical and identify the absence of the aspects and this must be based on some form of questions what and why, not how and whom. In Ethics, the design team tries to determine the way to increase the job satisfaction by asking questions. There are some key steps involved in this step as mentioned in before stage. Everyone from the organization must get involve for the development process. In SSADM, the problem cannot be solved by simply looking and thinking as prognosis does. So result of the feasibility study should be combined by the analyst with business option. Stage5.Deriving Notional Systems: Notional system is achieved after completing the Diagnosis to Prognosis as current to desired situation by mapping for to defeat the identified problems and alter the transformation. This model allows the structured problem situation and that can be unstructured or ill-structured and this may be difficult to find. In Ethics, prefers no diagrammatic representation for the changing process. All the design group and analyst will be educated and advised properly for the development process to get good results (Mumford, 1983). SSADM, it is a validating necessary step for the user. The data flow diagrams are used to achieve the actual model of the system requirements. There will be priority for the users need and also feedbacks after increasing prototype for next process. Phase2. Solution Design: Stage6.Perfoming the conceptual/logical design: Diagnosis model is basis for the creation or change of structures, roles, task, functions, information and attitudes of the notional system. This stage is also providing a chance for to re-evaluate the previous stage. In this event, the boundary situation and its contents are considered. In Ethics, the job satisfaction is achieved by the modification from result of this stage. This stage will study that, this is been done by the logical design for developing the system. SSADM use the data flow diagrams for all of the logical design techniques. The designers will perform their operation by changing the diagrams according to the requirements and guidelines. This organisation of system checks the requirements for the system development process. Stage7. Performing the Physical Design: The physical design provides the ways and entails of implementing the logical design. It also points that physical constrains and resources available to implement the logical design. The physical design is regarded with two questions to perform, how it could be done and who is going to do this. The criteria of the physical design determine the decision of the appropriate model, such as Efficiency, Reliability, Security, and Accuracy, upgradeability and Availability, etc. In Ethics, this stage is followed by the logical design. It is investigated and evaluated using the hardware, software, and GUI. In order to achieve the design of the system. In SSADM, the physical design checks whether, it reaches the users specification or the needs of the developing system. Then the system is passed to the programmer from the developer and from here the implementation of the system begins. Phase 3.Design Implementation: Stage8.Implementatoin of the design: It is concerned with the organization of the notional system inside the context of the problem situation. The writing code practice and requiring knowledge and skill in itself, is the component of the implementation process. The competence at translating model from thinking world to action world will be the tested in the implementation stage. Ethics plays vital role in the implementation of the design. The design group complete the entire system and produced to user, then gets the feedback from user. If there are any changes in the developed system, they have to restart the entire system. This is considered as a main drawback in this method (Mumford, 1993). When compare to Ethics, SSADM is well organised, because in this methodology the design group explains the system in each and every stage and then proceed to the forthcoming stages. Evaluation: The entire purpose of NIMSAD framework is evaluating all the methodologies. Evaluation is nothing but asking question, so this framework concerned with the user for to ask questions from the first three steps for the evaluation process. Then the problem solver will ask questions related to the problem situation, then their own the mental construct and experience will be taken for the evaluation. In Ethics, this is the final step of the methodology after completing the implementation part. This evaluation process checks whether the system is achieved the job satisfaction and efficiency needs which is the main objectives of the system. When compare to the Ethics, SSADM does not give more importance to this stage, because it will get feedbacks from the user at each and every stage. Conclusion: There are lot of essential differences between the SSADM and ETHICS as we have looked in the previous sections. The ETHICS methodology aims to attain balance between the designers and available technologies. It provides good opportunity for the developers to work in flexible, highly co-operative environment. Some people believe that ETHICS is impractical because, unskilled cannot design in the right manner and management never take that. The socio-technical approach is the solution for problem situation. As we discussed earlier, ETHICS will not be the right solution like other methodologies, it has both negatives and limitations. The people should trust themselves and try to learn the system to achieve great job efficiency. Every organization attains the profit and business objectives by the combination of job satisfaction and job efficiency. As we discussed earlier, SSADM is a structured subsystem and this will be one of the main reason for easy understanding and studying the system and also causes for well-defined subsystems. The final users and developers can understand the exact definitions through diagrams and models. SSADM is a growing development method and it helps to distinguish the physical and logical parts of the design. The final users of the SSADM involves in the development process. It gives an idea about to use different techniques of this framework such as how, why, when, and where. It gives three various system views for the developers (Ashworth et al, 1990).

Justice and Injustice in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Justice and Injustice in Othello        Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Tragedy of Othello, by William Shakespeare, a great injustice is done to the main character, Othello the Moor. Othello is manipulated by the villain Iago to satiate Iago’s need for control and his desire for revenge. Othello the General has promoted another, Cassio, to hold the position that Iago feels he deserves. For the injustice that Iago feels has been committed against him, he brings about the destruction of Othello and his wife, Desdemona, using Cassio as his tool for doing so.   Iago is the master villain in Othello, and is indeed a prototypal villain; that is, he is the mould for many other villains in their own deeds. He appears to be cunning, decisive, and able to take advantage of any set of circumstances. He moulds the people around him and his surroundings to suit his own â€Å"peculiar† ends. Furthermore Iago appears to be a good and honest person to all involved parties until just before the close of the play. Everyone is his willing dupe. Every master villain attempts his level of excellence.   Iago, to achieve his revenge manipulates Othello into wrongfully suspecting his wife of infidelity, and makes him insane with jealousy, enough to kill her in his rage. Othello is the general of the city of Venice, and as foreigner, a dark-skinned Moor. Othello appears to be a ... ... everything possible to his advantage, even his reputation for honesty; for no more reason than that he was passed over for a promotion. We know that the noble Othello is fooled, and simultaneously feel sorry that such an honest man has been duped. Works Cited Snyder, Susan. "Beyond the Comedy: Othello" Modern Critical Interpretations, Othello Ed. Harold Bloom, Pub. Chelsea House New Haven CT 1987. (23-37)Norman Sanders, ed. Othello. Cambridge: New York, 1995: 12. C. W. Slights. "Slaves and Subjects in Othello," Shakespeare Quarterly v48 Winter 1997: 382. J. Adelman. "Iago's Alter Ego: Race as Projection in Othello," Shakespeare Quarterly v48 Summer 1997: 130.

Half A Day

What does the middle-aged man say to the narrator when they meet? 4. What changes does the narrator notice as he walks home? 5. What happens at the end of the story? 6. Based on the narrator's thoughts and comments as he walks with his father, describe the kind of upbringing you think he has had. 7. What do you find unusual about the narrator's description of his day at school? 8. How does the middle-aged man address the narrator? 9. What does the narrators reaction to the changes in the city suggest about him? 10.What does the boys remark to the narrator at the end of the story reveal to you about what has happened? 1 1. A symbol is an object or action that stands for something else in addition to itself. What does the narrator's half a day at school symbolize? 12. Why do you think that Manful included only unpleasant details of modern urban life in the story? 13. A story told from the first-person point of view is narrated by one of the characters in the story. Why do you think tha t Manful chose to use a first-person narrator for â€Å"Half a Day†? 4. Describe an experience in your life when time seemed to pass more quickly than usual. Define the following words: Unmarred – Throng – Avail Horde – Refuse – Conjurer – Setting – Cairo, Egypt The narrator contrasts the landscape on the way to school with the school building itself. How does the narrator's description of the land contrast with that of the school? What do you know about Cairo, Egypt? What do you want to know? Research to find answers to your questions and other facts about Cairo, Egypt.Include information about the history and culture. Author Research information about Nagging Manful. Record five facts in the table below. Surprise Ending A surprise ending is an unexpected plot twist at the end of a story. The ending might surprise readers because the author provides ambiguous clues or withholds important information. A surprise ending is most effecti ve when it adds to the meaning of a story rather than merely overturning the readers expectations. Such writers as O. Henry and Guy De Unpleasant are famous for their surprise endings. 1.Is the ending of â€Å"Half a Day† a complete surprise, or does Manful provide some clues earlier in the story to suggest how much time has passed? Explain. 2. Do you think that the ending of â€Å"Half a Day† is effective and interesting? How else might Manful have ended the story? Find two quotes about time that are relevant to Mafioso's story. The quotations can come from literary, philosophical, scientific, or religious works, or they can be traditional proverbs. Use Google to search quotations or aphorisms about time. Explain how the quotes are relevant.

Conrad vs Holden

Ordinary People and The Catcher in the Rye: Reckless Actions In current day society, people strive for the untangible feeling of happiness. Genuine happiness can develop a person to become lovable; however, the nonexistence of happiness may do the complete opposite. Holden a protagonist from the novel, The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger, and Conrad the main character from the movie, Ordinary People, are searching for this happiness within their own lives. However, they are unable to find it because of the solidarity that they feel between their friends and families.The loneliness and the decreasingly lack of joy in Conrad’s and Holden’s lives triggers them to make decisions that would lead to consequences which would negatively affect their surrounds in the future. The absence of happiness within the lives of Holden and Conrad causes them to act reckless in different ways that ultimately harms himself and people around him. Throughout the movie Conrad makes many i mpulsive decisions that harms his friends, family members, and also himself.The first wrong decision that started the domino effect on the other wrongful decisions that he makes, is the fact that he didn’t come back to shore when he and his brother, Buck, saw â€Å"how bad the weather was becoming† while they were sailing. This decision results to the death of his brother and the event stays in his mind leading to the reckless behavior that begins to engulf his mind. Following, this decision is Conrad’s suicidal attempt by cutting his wrists vertically in his bathroom sink.Although this act puts pain on his family, it mostly affects Conrad physically and emotionally because he has to endure the pain of the slits and the depression that had caused him to make the decision to begin with. Even after Conrad returns from the hospital he continues to feel the lack of happiness within his own life. The depression causes him to not want to eat the breakfast that his mot her makes just for him. Hurt by the rejection, Conrad’s mother dumps the meal into the drain and leaves in an abrupt manner.In addition, much of the bottled up emotions that Conrad keeps causes him to become quite distant with his own family and his friends. This solidarity eventually leads Conrad to lose his past close relationships with them. These impulsive decisions allow Conrad to expand upon his emotions, since in the beginning of the movie he bottles it up and allows it to accumulate over time. Within the novel, Holden displays reckless attitude that results in harming both himself and those around him.The factor of his reckless behavior begins when Holden runs away from Pency Prep due to the fact that he gets kicked out and is afraid that his parents would be upset. In turn, Holden decides to live in the city and waits till he is expected to come home. This act eventually leads him to hurt himself mentally because after a time spent in the city, Holden begins to †Å"feel more depressed.. † and lonely (95). In an act of desperation, Holden tries to fill in his loneliness and sorrows by finding company with a girl named Sally that he â€Å"wasn’t too crazy about† (105).However, as Holden and Sally are still on their date, Holden displays his reckless behavior when he insults Sally calling her â€Å"a pain in the ass† (133). Sally is thus deeply hurt by the insult and â€Å"she was even crying† (134). This act in turn leaves Holden to become lonely and depressed once again. With the feeling of depression weighing on his shoulder, Holden decides to leave town and head for the west. Phoebe, Holden’s kid sister, hearing his plan also wants to tag along as well bringing along her suitcase that contains her personal items.Even though Holden doesn’t want to be alone, he refuses his sister’s plea to run away with him and in turn results him to display another act of recklessness. Holden yells at Ph oebe telling her to shut up which triggers her to â€Å"start to cry† (206). Holden’s consideration of leaving Phoebe hurts Phoebe because she really cares about her brother’s well being. Since Holden’s siblings Allie and D. B are no longer currently living in the household, if Holden were to run away, Phoebe would feel lonely having only her parents as companions.Holden and Conrad are similar types of characters because they both act recklessly and unintentionally hurt themselves and the people that surround them. Both of the characters punch one of their good friends due to immature decisions. Holden gets into a fist fight with Stradlater since Holden continues to invoke Stradlater about his date with Jane, knowing that a punch to the face would follow the dispute. This act displays that Holden makes wrongful decisions knowing the consequences of the act, however still continuing with the act.In addition, Conrad also displays reckless behavior by contin uingly punching Stillman out of the remark that Stillman makes of Jeannine. Conrad punches Stillman out of anger and frustration since Dr. Berger, Conrad’s psychiatrist, unlocks his emotions; it begins pouring out uncontrollably. With this act of violence, Conrad loses many of his once close friends because his friends now perceive him as â€Å"crazy† after the punching incident. Both Holden and Conrad displays thoughtless decisions by punching their friends in an act of rage which results in the consequences of more hurt.Even though Holden and Conrad may be similar they are more different than alike because they exhibit different acts of recklessness. While Holden may use strong words and loud voices to harm others, Conrad uses physical actions to harm the ones around him. When Holden was on his date with Sally in the restaurant, he begins to ramble about the future that Sally and Holden could have together. Holden suggests that Sally runs away together with him howev er Sally rejects his proposal causing Holden to become upset.This urge that is raging inside of him impulses him to say things that he didn’t think through therefore enabling him to insult her. However, this is not the only case in which Holden says things without thinking. In another scenario where he is speaking to Phoebe, Holden tells Phoebe to shut up, he â€Å" didn’t mean to tell her to shut up †¦Ã¢â‚¬  but the impulse enabled him to do so (206). On the other hand, Conrad uses his non-thought out actions to affect the people around him. Having Conrad attempting suicide by cutting his wrists vertically harms his family because it causes them to have to worry about their son.Conrad’s parents have already lost a son and if they were to lose another one then it would further devastate their family’s reputation and the family would thus fall apart. In addition, due to Conrad’s depression it causes him to not have an appetite when eating. Th us, when Conrad’s mom makes him breakfast and he refuses, this act causes his mother to become hurt from the rejection and therefore dump the meal in the garbage dispenser. Even so the slightest of actions of Conrad should effect and hurt the people around him.In conclusion, even though both Holden and Conrad are unintentionally hurting their loved ones, they differently act out recklessly when making out a decision. Both Holden and Conrad are both misunderstood teenagers that are trying find a way to get through the day. This is caused by the fact that their life is missing the genuine happiness that everyone in society searches for. However, at the end of both stories, they eventually achieve their idea of true happiness and therefore can live through the day knowing that they are truly happy.